In-depth understanding of Java dynamic proxy sample code

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If you want to understand Java dynamic proxy, you must first understand what a proxy is and be familiar with design patterns. Friends of must know that among the 23 design patterns summarized by Gof, there is a object structural pattern called Proxy. The proxy in dynamic proxy refers to this design pattern.

In my opinion, the so-called agency mode is the same thing as the "decoration mode" among the 23 design patterns. Among the 23 design patterns, they are regarded as two patterns. There are also some articles on the Internet about the similarities and differences of these two patterns. From the details, it is indeed possible to distinguish the two patterns artificially. However, after abstracting to a certain level, I think these two patterns are not the same. The patterns are exactly the same. Therefore, if you learn the proxy mode, you will also master the decoration mode.

Agent mode

The proxy mode is simply to wrap an object. The object generated after packaging has the same method list as the original object, but each Methods can be wrapped.

staticAgent

Let’s look at a piece of code first:

package common;

public class Test {
  static interface Subject{
    void sayHi();
    void sayHello();
  }

  static class SubjectImpl implements Subject{

    @Override
    public void sayHi() {
      System.out.println("hi");
    }

    @Override
    public void sayHello() {
      System.out.println("hello");
    }
  }

  static class SubjectImplProxy implements Subject{
    private Subject target;

    public SubjectImplProxy(Subject target) {
      this.target=target;
    }

    @Override
    public void sayHi() {
      System.out.print("say:");
      target.sayHi();
    }

    @Override
    public void sayHello() {
      System.out.print("say:");
      target.sayHello();
    }
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Subject subject=new SubjectImpl();
    Subject subjectProxy=new SubjectImplProxy(subject);
    subjectProxy.sayHi();
    subjectProxy.sayHello();
  }
}

This code first defines a SubjectInterface, which has two methods.

Then the SubjectImpl class is defined to implement the Subject interface and implements two of its methods. There is definitely no problem here.

Now define another SubjuectImplProxy class and also implement the Subject interface. The function of this SubjectImplProxy class is to wrap an instance of the SubjectImpl class. It defines a variable target internally to save an instance of SubjectImpl. SubjectImplProxy also implements the two methods specified by the interface, and in its implementation version, it calls the implementation of SubjectImpl, but adds its own processing logic.

I believe this code is not difficult to understand. It achieves the function of adding a prefix to the output content by packaging SubjectImpl. This proxy method is called static proxy.

Dynamic proxy

From the above demonstration, it is not difficult to see the shortcomings of static proxy: we use the same packaging for the two methods of SubjectImpl, but But you have to write the same packaging logic twice in SubjectImplProxy, and if the Subject interface adds new methods in the future, SubjectImplProxy must also add new implementations, although SubjectImplProxy may wrap all methods the same.

Below I change the static proxy in the above example to a dynamic proxy. Let’s take a look at the difference:

package common;

import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandle;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationHandler;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.lang.reflect.Proxy;

public class Test {
  static interface Subject{
    void sayHi();
    void sayHello();
  }

  static class SubjectImpl implements Subject{

    @Override
    public void sayHi() {
      System.out.println("hi");
    }

    @Override
    public void sayHello() {
      System.out.println("hello");
    }
  }

  static class ProxyInvocationHandler implements InvocationHandler{
    private Subject target;
    public ProxyInvocationHandler(Subject target) {
      this.target=target;
    }

    @Override
    public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args) throws Throwable {
      System.out.print("say:");
      return method.invoke(target, args);
    }

  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Subject subject=new SubjectImpl();
    Subject subjectProxy=(Subject) Proxy.newProxyInstance(subject.getClass().getClassLoader(),
    subject.getClass().getInterfaces(), new ProxyInvocationHandler(subject));
    subjectProxy.sayHi();
    subjectProxy.sayHello();

  }
}

If you only look at the main method, only the second one The line is different from the previous static proxy. It also generates a subjectProxy proxy object, but the generated code is different. The static proxy directly new an instance of SubjectImplProxy, while the dynamic proxy calls the java.lang.reflect.Proxy.newProxyInstance() method. Let’s take a look at the source code of this method:

public static Object newProxyInstance(ClassLoader loader,
                   Class<?>[] interfaces,
                   InvocationHandler h)
  throws IllegalArgumentException
{
  if (h == null) {
    throw new NullPointerException();
  }

  /*
   * Look up or generate the designated proxy class.
   */
  Class<?> cl = getProxyClass(loader, interfaces);　　//获取代理类的Class

  /*
   * Invoke its constructor with the designated invocation handler.
   */
  try {
    Constructor cons = cl.getConstructor(constructorParams);
    //constructorParams是写死的：{ InvocationHandler.class }，上边返回的代理类Class一定是extends Proxy的，而Proxy有一个参数为InvocationHandler的构造函数
    return cons.newInstance(new Object[] { h });
    //这里通过构造函数将我们自己定义的InvocationHandler的子类传到代理类的实例里，当我们调用代理类的任何方法时，
    实际上都会调用我们定义的InvocationHandler子类重写的invoke()函数
  } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
    throw new InternalError(e.toString());
  } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
    throw new InternalError(e.toString());
  } catch (InstantiationException e) {
    throw new InternalError(e.toString());
  } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
    throw new InternalError(e.toString());
  }
}

The above Class cl = getProxyClass(loader, interfaces); The getProxyClass method called:

public static Class<?> getProxyClass(ClassLoader loader,
                     Class<?>... interfaces)
    throws IllegalArgumentException
  {
    if (interfaces.length > 65535) {　　//因为在class文件中，一个类保存的接口数量是用2个字节来表示的，因此java中一个类最多可以实现65535个接口
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("interface limit exceeded");
    }

    Class<?> proxyClass = null;

    /* collect interface names to use as key for proxy class cache */
    String[] interfaceNames = new String[interfaces.length];

    // for detecting duplicates
    Set<Class<?>> interfaceSet = new HashSet<>();
　　　　 //验证interfaces里的接口是否能被类加载器加载，是否是接口，是否有重复的
    for (int i = 0; i < interfaces.length; i++) {
      /*
       * Verify that the class loader resolves the name of this
       * interface to the same Class object.
       */
      String interfaceName = interfaces[i].getName();
      Class<?> interfaceClass = null;
      try {
        interfaceClass = Class.forName(interfaceName, false, loader);
      } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
      }
      if (interfaceClass != interfaces[i]) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
          interfaces[i] + " is not visible from class loader");
      }

      /*
       * Verify that the Class object actually represents an
       * interface.
       */
      if (!interfaceClass.isInterface()) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
          interfaceClass.getName() + " is not an interface");
      }

      /*
       * Verify that this interface is not a duplicate.
       */
      if (interfaceSet.contains(interfaceClass)) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
          "repeated interface: " + interfaceClass.getName());
      }
      interfaceSet.add(interfaceClass);

      interfaceNames[i] = interfaceName;
    }

    /*
     * Using string representations of the proxy interfaces as
     * keys in the proxy class cache (instead of their Class
     * objects) is sufficient because we require the proxy
     * interfaces to be resolvable by name through the supplied
     * class loader, and it has the advantage that using a string
     * representation of a class makes for an implicit weak
     * reference to the class.
     */
    List<String> key = Arrays.asList(interfaceNames);　　//使用interfaces列表作为key缓存在cache里，也就是实现了相同interfaces的代理类只会创建加载一次

    /*
     * Find or create the proxy class cache for the class loader.
     */
    Map<List<String>, Object> cache;
    synchronized (loaderToCache) {
      cache = loaderToCache.get(loader);
      if (cache == null) {
        cache = new HashMap<>();
        loaderToCache.put(loader, cache);
      }
      /*
       * This mapping will remain valid for the duration of this
       * method, without further synchronization, because the mapping
       * will only be removed if the class loader becomes unreachable.
       */
    }

    /*
     * Look up the list of interfaces in the proxy class cache using
     * the key. This lookup will result in one of three possible
     * kinds of values:
     *   null, if there is currently no proxy class for the list of
     *     interfaces in the class loader,
     *   the pendingGenerationMarker object, if a proxy class for the
     *     list of interfaces is currently being generated,
     *   or a weak reference to a Class object, if a proxy class for
     *     the list of interfaces has already been generated.
     */
　　　　 //看看缓存里有没有，如果有就直接取出来然后return，否则判断根据pendingGenerationMarker判断是否有其它线程正在生成当前的代理类，
　　　　 如果有则cache.wait()等待，如果没有则创建。
    synchronized (cache) {
      /*
       * Note that we need not worry about reaping the cache for
       * entries with cleared weak references because if a proxy class
       * has been garbage collected, its class loader will have been
       * garbage collected as well, so the entire cache will be reaped
       * from the loaderToCache map.
       */
      do {
        Object value = cache.get(key);
        if (value instanceof Reference) {
          proxyClass = (Class<?>) ((Reference) value).get();
        }
        if (proxyClass != null) {
          // proxy class already generated: return it
          return proxyClass;
        } else if (value == pendingGenerationMarker) {
          // proxy class being generated: wait for it
          try {
            cache.wait();
          } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            /*
             * The class generation that we are waiting for should
             * take a small, bounded time, so we can safely ignore
             * thread interrupts here.
             */
          }
          continue;
        } else {
          /*
           * No proxy class for this list of interfaces has been
           * generated or is being generated, so we will go and
           * generate it now. Mark it as pending generation.
           */
          cache.put(key, pendingGenerationMarker);
          break;
        }
      } while (true);
    }
　　　　 //确认要生成的代理类所属的包，如果interfaces里所有接口都是public的，代理类所属包就是默认包；
　　　　 如果有interface不是public，那么所有不是public的interface必须在一个包里否则报错。
    try {
      String proxyPkg = null;   // package to define proxy class in

      /*
       * Record the package of a non-public proxy interface so that the
       * proxy class will be defined in the same package. Verify that
       * all non-public proxy interfaces are in the same package.
       */
      for (int i = 0; i < interfaces.length; i++) {
        int flags = interfaces[i].getModifiers();
        if (!Modifier.isPublic(flags)) {
          String name = interfaces[i].getName();
          int n = name.lastIndexOf(&#39;.&#39;);
          String pkg = ((n == -1) ? "" : name.substring(0, n + 1));
          if (proxyPkg == null) {
            proxyPkg = pkg;
          } else if (!pkg.equals(proxyPkg)) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
              "non-public interfaces from different packages");
          }
        }
      }

      if (proxyPkg == null) {   // if no non-public proxy interfaces,
        proxyPkg = "";     // use the unnamed package
      }

      {
        /*
         * Choose a name for the proxy class to generate.
         */
        long num;
        synchronized (nextUniqueNumberLock) {
          num = nextUniqueNumber++;
        }
        String proxyName = proxyPkg + proxyClassNamePrefix + num;
        //生成代理类的名字，proxyPkg是上面确定下来的代理类所在的包名，proxyClassNamePrefix是写死的字符串“$Proxy”，
        num是一个全局唯一的long型数字，从0开始累积，每次生成新的代理类就+1，从这里也能看出生成的动态代理类的数量不能超过Long.maxValue
        /*
         * Verify that the class loader hasn&#39;t already
         * defined a class with the chosen name.
         */

        /*
         * Generate the specified proxy class.
         */
        byte[] proxyClassFile = ProxyGenerator.generateProxyClass(
          proxyName, interfaces);　　//生成一个以proxyName为类名的，实现了Interfaces里所有接口的类的字节码
        try {
          proxyClass = defineClass0(loader, proxyName,
            proxyClassFile, 0, proxyClassFile.length);　　//加载生成的类
        } catch (ClassFormatError e) {
          /*
           * A ClassFormatError here means that (barring bugs in the
           * proxy class generation code) there was some other
           * invalid aspect of the arguments supplied to the proxy
           * class creation (such as virtual machine limitations
           * exceeded).
           */
          throw new IllegalArgumentException(e.toString());
        }
      }
      // add to set of all generated proxy classes, for isProxyClass
      proxyClasses.put(proxyClass, null);

    } finally {
      /*
       * We must clean up the "pending generation" state of the proxy
       * class cache entry somehow. If a proxy class was successfully
       * generated, store it in the cache (with a weak reference);
       * otherwise, remove the reserved entry. In all cases, notify
       * all waiters on reserved entries in this cache.
       */

　　　　　　　//创建成功，则将cache中该key的pendingGenerationMarker替换为实际的代理类的弱引用，否则也要清除pendingGenerationMarker标记；
　　　　　　　不管是否成功，都要执行cache.notifyAll()，让其它要创建相同代理类并且执行了cache.wait()的线程恢复执行。
      synchronized (cache) {
        if (proxyClass != null) {
          cache.put(key, new WeakReference<Class<?>>(proxyClass));
        } else {
          cache.remove(key);
        }
        cache.notifyAll();
      }
    }
    return proxyClass; //最后返回代理类Class
  }

Go here, We have parsed the java source code of the dynamic proxy, and now the idea is very clear:

Proxy.newProxyInstance(ClassLoader loader,Class[] interfaces,InvocationHandler h) method is simply executed The following operations are performed:

1. Generate a bytecode of a proxy class that implements all the interfaces in the parameter interfaces and inherits Proxy, and then uses the classLoader in the parameter to load the proxy class.

2. Use the constructor Proxy(InvocationHandler h) of the parent class of the proxy class to create an instance of the proxy class and pass in the subclass of our custom InvocationHandler.

3. Return this proxy class instance, because the proxy class we constructed implements all the interfaces in interfaces (that is, the subject.getClass().getInterfaces() passed in in our program), so the returned The proxy class can be cast to the Subject type to call the methods defined in the interface.

Now we know that the subjectProxy returned by Proxy.newProxyInstance() can be successfully converted into a Subject type to call the method defined in the interface. So how is the proxy class instance processed after the method is called? This requires taking a look at the source code of the proxy class. But the proxy class is loaded by dynamically generated bytecode by the program. How to look at the source code? It doesn't matter, you can add System.getProperties().put("sun.misc.ProxyGenerator.saveGeneratedFiles","true") to the main method, so that the generated proxy class Class file will be saved on the local disk, and then returned Compile to get the source code of the proxy class:

package common;

import java.lang.reflect.InvocationHandler;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.lang.reflect.Proxy;
import java.lang.reflect.UndeclaredThrowableException;

public final class $Proxy0 extends Proxy
 implements Test.Subject
{
 private static Method m4;
 private static Method m1;
 private static Method m3;
 private static Method m0;
 private static Method m2;

 static
 {
   try {
     m4 = Class.forName("Test$Subject").getMethod("sayHello", new Class[0]);
     m1 = Class.forName("java.lang.Object").getMethod("equals", new Class[] { Class.forName("java.lang.Object") });
     m3 = Class.forName("Test$Subject").getMethod("sayHi", new Class[0]);
     m0 = Class.forName("java.lang.Object").getMethod("hashCode", new Class[0]);
     m2 = Class.forName("java.lang.Object").getMethod("toString", new Class[0]);
  } catch (Exception e) {
    throw new RuntimeException(e);
  }
 }

 public $Proxy0(InvocationHandler paramInvocationHandler)
 {
  super(paramInvocationHandler);
 }

 public final void sayHello()
 {
  try
  {
   this.h.invoke(this, m4, null);
   return;
  }
  catch (RuntimeException localRuntimeException)
  {
   throw localRuntimeException;
  }
  catch (Throwable localThrowable)
  {
    throw new UndeclaredThrowableException(localThrowable);
  }
 }

 public final boolean equals(Object paramObject)
 {
  try
  {
   return ((Boolean)this.h.invoke(this, m1, new Object[] { paramObject })).booleanValue();
  }
  catch (RuntimeException localRuntimeException)
  {
   throw localRuntimeException;
  }
  catch (Throwable localThrowable)
  {
    throw new UndeclaredThrowableException(localThrowable);
  }
 }

 public final void sayHi()
 {
  try
  {
   this.h.invoke(this, m3, null);
   return;
  }
  catch (RuntimeException localRuntimeException)
  {
   throw localRuntimeException;
  }
  catch (Throwable localThrowable)
  {
    throw new UndeclaredThrowableException(localThrowable);
  }
 }

 public final int hashCode()
 {
  try
  {
   return ((Integer)this.h.invoke(this, m0, null)).intValue();
  }
  catch (RuntimeException localRuntimeException)
  {
   throw localRuntimeException;
  }
  catch (Throwable localThrowable)
  {
    throw new UndeclaredThrowableException(localThrowable);
  }
 }

 public final String toString()
 {
  try
  {
   return (String)this.h.invoke(this, m2, null);
  }
  catch (RuntimeException localRuntimeException)
  {
   throw localRuntimeException;
  }
  catch (Throwable localThrowable)
  {
    throw new UndeclaredThrowableException(localThrowable);
  }
 }
}

我们可以看到代理类内部实现比较简单，在调用每个代理类每个方法的时候，都用反射去调h的invoke方法(也就是我们自定义的InvocationHandler的子类中重写的invoke方法)，用参数传递了代理类实例、接口方法、调用参数列表，这样我们在重写的invoke方法中就可以实现对所有方法的统一包装了。

总结

动态代理相对于静态代理在使用上的优点主要是能够对一个对象的所有方法进行统一包装，而且后期被代理的类添加方法的时候动态代理类不需要改动。

缺点是要求被代理的类必须实现了接口，因为动态代理类在实现的时候继承了Proxy类，java不支持多继承，因此动态代理类只能根据接口来定义方法。

最后动态代理之所以叫做动态代理是因为java在实现动态代理的时候，动态代理类是在运行时动态生成和加载的，相对的，静态代理类和其他普通类一下，在类加载阶段就加载了。

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