Just started to get in touchPython, I saw many people playing crawlers I also want to play. After searching around, I found that the first thing many people do with web crawlers is to simulate login. To make it more difficult, they simulate login and then obtain data. However, there are very few Python 3.x demos on the Internet that can simulate login. For reference, and I don’t know much about Html, so writing this first Python crawler was extremely difficult, but the final result was satisfactory. Let’s sort out the learning process this time.
Tools
System: win7 64-bit system
Browser:Chrome
Python version: Python 3.5 64-bit
IDE: JetBrains PyCharm (seems like many people use this)
I aimed at our Academic Affairs Office. The purpose of this crawler is to obtain scores from the Academic Affairs Office and enter the scores into ExcelForm to save them. The address of our school’s Academic Affairs Office is: http:/ /jwc.ecjtu.jx.cn/, usually every time we get the results, we need to enter the Academic Affairs Office first, then click on the resultsquery, enter the public account password to enter, and finally enter the relevant information to obtain the score form, here Login does not require a verification code, which saved me a lot of effort, so we first enter the score query system login interface, first see how to simulate the login process, and press F12 in the Chrome browser to open the developer panel:
Developer Panel
Here the password for the inquiry system of our school’s Academic Affairs Office is the public jwc, which is the pinyin abbreviation. We enter the user name and password Click to log in. At this time, pay attention to POST request:
##Pay attention to post request
What was found, it seems Chrome did not retain the form information submitted by Post and directly jumped to another interface and then displayed the data of the other interface. Here we need to do it ourselves. Note that the small red dot in the upper left corner of the developer panel indicates that it is grabbing at this time. Get the data. If you click it, it will turn gray, and you can save the captured package in disguise. I clicked this little red dot before the new interface was refreshed after clicking login, and I got the Post form as I wished. Data:
Get post form data
In this way, the form data passed by the browser to the server when logging in is obtained. Take a look at this form. What are they:
View form data
Here we see that we need to pass three parameters, namely: user, pass, Submit, It is easy to understand the literal meaning of these words. With this idea, we can write the first step of this code:
Simulated login to the Academic Affairs Office Go directly to the code:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import requests
url = 'http://jwc.ecjtu.jx.cn/mis_o/login.php'
datas = {'user': 'jwc',
'pass': 'jwc',
'Submit': '%CC%E1%BD%BB'
}
headers = {'Referer': 'http://jwc.ecjtu.jx.cn/mis_o/login.htm',
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 '
'(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.82 Safari/537.36',
'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8',
'Accept-Language': 'zh-CN,zh;q=0.8',
}
sessions = requests.session()
response = sessions.post(url, headers=headers, data=datas)
print(response.status_code)Copy after login
Code output:
It means that our simulated login is successful. The Requests module is used here. If you don’t know how to use it, you can check the Chinese document. Its definition is: HTTP
for Humans, because it is easy to use and easy to use, we only need to pass in the Url address, construct the request header, and pass in the data required by the post method to simulate browser login. Since there is an operation to further obtain results, session is used here. Keep the connection. If we just look at the final return code here, we are successful. How to do it depends on the next step. Next:
Capture Packet
In order to simplify the code, we set up to enter the student number to query all scores and reduce other judgments. We also capture the Post data:
Yes Post data capture
Also check the Post data:
View the post data
Because here we only analyze and enter the student number So everything else is empty, so we can write the code to query the results:
score_healders = {'Connection': 'keep-alive',
'User - Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) '
'AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.82 Safari/537.36',
'Content - Type': 'application / x - www - form - urlencoded',
'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8',
'Content - Length': '69',
'Host': 'jwc.ecjtu.jx.cn',
'Referer': 'http: // jwc.ecjtu.jx.cn / mis_o / main.php',
'Upgrade - Insecure - Requests': '1',
'Accept - Language': 'zh - CN, zh;q = 0.8'
}
score_url = 'http://jwc.ecjtu.jx.cn/mis_o/query.php?start=' + str(
pagenum) + '&job=see&=&Name=&Course=&ClassID=&Term=&StuID=' + num
score_data = {'Name': '',
'StuID': num,
'Course': '',
'Term': '',
'ClassID': '',
'Submit': '%B2%E9%D1%AF'
}
score_response = sessions.post(score_url, data=score_data, headers=score_healders)
content = score_response.contentCopy after login
这里解释一下上面的代码，上面的score_url 并不是浏览器上显示的地址，我们要获取真正的地址，在Chrome下右键--查看网页源代码，找到这么一行：
a href=query.php?start=1&job=see&=&Name=&Course=&ClassID=&Term=&StuID=xxxxxxx
Copy after login
这个才是真正的地址，点击这个地址转入的才是真正的界面，因为这里成绩数据较多，所以这里采用了分页显示，这个start=1说明是第一页，这个参数是可变的需要我们传入，还有StuID后面的是我们输入的学号，这样我们就可以拼接出Url地址：
score_url = 'http://jwc.ecjtu.jx.cn/mis_o/query.php?start=' + str(pagenum) + '&job=see&=&Name=&Course=&ClassID=&Term=&StuID=' + num
Copy after login
同样使用Post方法传递数据并获取响应的内容：
score_response = sessions.post(score_url, data=score_data,headers=score_healders)
content = score_response.content
Copy after login
这里采用Beautiful Soup 4.2.0来解析返回的响应内容，因为我们要获取的是成绩，这里到教务处成绩查询界面，查看获取到的成绩在网页中是以表格的形式存在：
网页源代码
观察表格的网页源代码：
<table align=center border=1>
<tr><td bgcolor=009999>学期</td>
<td bgcolor=009999>学号</td>
<td bgcolor=009999>姓名</td>
<td bgcolor=009999>课程</td>
<td bgcolor=009999>课程要求</td>
<td bgcolor=009999>学分</td>
<td bgcolor=009999>成绩</td>
<td bgcolor=009999>重考一</td>
<td bgcolor=009999>重考二</td></tr>
...
...
</tr></table>
Copy after login
这里拿出第一行举例，虽然我不太懂Html但是从这里可以看出来<tr> 代表的是一行，而<td>应该是代表这一行中的每一列，这样就好办了，取出每一行然后分解出每一列，打印输出就可以得到我们要的结果：
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(content, 'html.parser')
# 找到每一行
target = soup.findAll('tr')Copy after login
这里分解每一列的时候要小心，因为这里表格分成了三页显示，每页最多显示30条数据，这里因为只是收集已经毕业的学生的成绩数据所以不对其他数据量不足的学生成绩的情况做统计，默认收集的都是大四毕业的学生成绩数据。这里采用两个变量i和j分别代表行和列：
# 注:这里的print单纯是我为了验证结果打印在PyCharm的控制台上而已
i=0, j=0
for tag in target[1:]:
tds = tag.findAll('td')
# 每一次都是从列头开始获取
j = 0
# 学期
semester = str(tds[0].string)
if semester == 'None':
break
else:
print(semester.ljust(6) + '\t\t\t', end='')
# 学号
studentid = tds[1].string
print(studentid.ljust(14) + '\t\t\t', end='')
j += 1
# 姓名
name = tds[2].string
print(name.ljust(3) + '\t\t\t', end='')
j += 1
# 课程
course = tds[3].string
print(course.ljust(20, ' ') + '\t\t\t', end='')
j += 1
# 课程要求
requirments = tds[4].string
print(requirments.ljust(10, ' ') + '\t\t', end='')
j += 1
# 学分
scredit = tds[5].string
print(scredit.ljust(2, ' ') + '\t\t', end='')
j += 1
# 成绩
achievement = tds[6].string
print(achievement.ljust(2) + '\t\t', end='')
j += 1
# 重考一
reexaminef = tds[7].string
print(reexaminef.ljust(2) + '\t\t', end='')
j += 1
# 重考二
reexamines = tds[8].string
print(reexamines.ljust(2) + '\t\t')
j += 1
i += 1Copy after login
这里查了很多别人的博客都是用正则表达式来分解数据，表示自己的正则写的并不好也尝试了但是没成功，所以无奈选择这种方式，如果有人有测试成功的正则欢迎跟我说一声，我也学习学习。
把数据保存到Excel
因为已经清楚了这个网页保存成绩的具体结构，所以顺着每次循环解析将数据不断加以保存就是了，这里使用xlwt写入数据到Excel，因为xlwt模块打印输出到Excel中的样式宽度偏小，影响观看，所以这里还加入了一个方法去控制打印到Excel表格中的样式:
file = xlwt.Workbook(encoding='utf-8')
table = file.add_sheet('achieve')
# 设置Excel样式
def set_style(name, height, bold=False):
style = xlwt.XFStyle() # 初始化样式
font = xlwt.Font() # 为样式创建字体
font.name = name # 'Times New Roman'
font.bold = bold
font.color_index = 4
font.height = height
style.font = font
return styleCopy after login
运用到代码中：
for tag in target[1:]:
tds = tag.findAll('td')
j = 0
# 学期
semester = str(tds[0].string)
if semester == 'None':
break
else:
print(semester.ljust(6) + '\t\t\t', end='')
table.write(i, j, semester, set_style('Arial', 220))
# 学号
studentid = tds[1].string
print(studentid.ljust(14) + '\t\t\t', end='')
j += 1
table.write(i, j, studentid, set_style('Arial', 220))
table.col(i).width = 256 * 16
# 姓名
name = tds[2].string
print(name.ljust(3) + '\t\t\t', end='')
j += 1
table.write(i, j, name, set_style('Arial', 220))
# 课程
course = tds[3].string
print(course.ljust(20, ' ') + '\t\t\t', end='')
j += 1
table.write(i, j, course, set_style('Arial', 220))
# 课程要求
requirments = tds[4].string
print(requirments.ljust(10, ' ') + '\t\t', end='')
j += 1
table.write(i, j, requirments, set_style('Arial', 220))
# 学分
scredit = tds[5].string
print(scredit.ljust(2, ' ') + '\t\t', end='')
j += 1
table.write(i, j, scredit, set_style('Arial', 220))
# 成绩
achievement = tds[6].string
print(achievement.ljust(2) + '\t\t', end='')
j += 1
table.write(i, j, achievement, set_style('Arial', 220))
# 重考一
reexaminef = tds[7].string
print(reexaminef.ljust(2) + '\t\t', end='')
j += 1
table.write(i, j, reexaminef, set_style('Arial', 220))
# 重考二
reexamines = tds[8].string
print(reexamines.ljust(2) + '\t\t')
j += 1
table.write(i, j, reexamines, set_style('Arial', 220))
i += 1
file.save('demo.xls')Copy after login
最后稍加整合，写成一个方法：
# 获取成绩
# 这里num代表输入的学号，pagenum代表页数，总共76条数据，一页30条所以总共有三页
def getScore(num, pagenum, i, j):
score_healders = {'Connection': 'keep-alive',
'User - Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) '
'AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.82 Safari/537.36',
'Content - Type': 'application / x - www - form - urlencoded',
'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8',
'Content - Length': '69',
'Host': 'jwc.ecjtu.jx.cn',
'Referer': 'http: // jwc.ecjtu.jx.cn / mis_o / main.php',
'Upgrade - Insecure - Requests': '1',
'Accept - Language': 'zh - CN, zh;q = 0.8'
}
score_url = 'http://jwc.ecjtu.jx.cn/mis_o/query.php?start=' + str(
pagenum) + '&job=see&=&Name=&Course=&ClassID=&Term=&StuID=' + num
score_data = {'Name': '',
'StuID': num,
'Course': '',
'Term': '',
'ClassID': '',
'Submit': '%B2%E9%D1%AF'
}
score_response = sessions.post(score_url, data=score_data, headers=score_healders)
# 输出到文本
with open('text.txt', 'wb') as f:
f.write(score_response.content)
content = score_response.content
soup = BeautifulSoup(content, 'html.parser')
target = soup.findAll('tr')
try:
for tag in target[1:]:
tds = tag.findAll('td')
j = 0
# 学期
semester = str(tds[0].string)
if semester == 'None':
break
else:
print(semester.ljust(6) + '\t\t\t', end='')
table.write(i, j, semester, set_style('Arial', 220))
# 学号
studentid = tds[1].string
print(studentid.ljust(14) + '\t\t\t', end='')
j += 1
table.write(i, j, studentid, set_style('Arial', 220))
table.col(i).width = 256 * 16
# 姓名
name = tds[2].string
print(name.ljust(3) + '\t\t\t', end='')
j += 1
table.write(i, j, name, set_style('Arial', 220))
# 课程
course = tds[3].string
print(course.ljust(20, ' ') + '\t\t\t', end='')
j += 1
table.write(i, j, course, set_style('Arial', 220))
# 课程要求
requirments = tds[4].string
print(requirments.ljust(10, ' ') + '\t\t', end='')
j += 1
table.write(i, j, requirments, set_style('Arial', 220))
# 学分
scredit = tds[5].string
print(scredit.ljust(2, ' ') + '\t\t', end='')
j += 1
table.write(i, j, scredit, set_style('Arial', 220))
# 成绩
achievement = tds[6].string
print(achievement.ljust(2) + '\t\t', end='')
j += 1
table.write(i, j, achievement, set_style('Arial', 220))
# 重考一
reexaminef = tds[7].string
print(reexaminef.ljust(2) + '\t\t', end='')
j += 1
table.write(i, j, reexaminef, set_style('Arial', 220))
# 重考二
reexamines = tds[8].string
print(reexamines.ljust(2) + '\t\t')
j += 1
table.write(i, j, reexamines, set_style('Arial', 220))
i += 1
except:
print('出了一点小Bug')
file.save('demo.xls')Copy after login
在模拟登陆操作后增加一个判断：
# 判断是否登陆
def isLogin(num):
return_code = response.status_code
if return_code == 200:
if re.match(r"^\d{14}$", num):
print('请稍等')
else:
print('请输入正确的学号')
return True
else:
return FalseCopy after login
最后在main中这么调用：
if name == 'main':
num = input('请输入你的学号：')
if isLogin(num):
getScore(num, pagenum=0, i=0, j=0)
getScore(num, pagenum=1, i=31, j=0)
getScore(num, pagenum=2, i=62, j=0)Copy after login
在PyCharm下按alt+shift+x快捷键运行程序：
控制台输出
控制台会有如下输出(这里只截取部分，不要吐槽没有对齐，这里我也用了格式化输出还是不太行，不过最起码出来了结果，而且我们的目的是输出到Excel中不是吗)
控制台输出
然后去程序根目录找看看有没有生成一个叫demo.xls的文件，我的程序就放在桌面，所以去桌面找：
桌面图标
点开查看是否成功获取：
最终获取结果
至此，大功告成
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