Summary of 12 basic knowledge commonly used in python programming

巴扎黑
Release: 2017-04-30 17:05:13
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  Python编程中常用的12种基础知识总结:正则表达式替换,遍历目录方法,列表按列排序、去重,字典排序,字典、列表、字符串互转,时间对象操作,命令行参数解析(getopt),print 格式化输出,进制转换,Python调用系统命令或者脚本,Python 读写文件。

  1、正则表达式替换

  目标: 将字符串line中的 overview.gif 替换成其他字符串

>>> line = &#39;<IMG ALIGN="middle" SRC=\&#39;#\&#39;" /span> 
>>> mo=re.compile(r&#39;(?<=SRC=)"([\w+\.]+)"&#39;,re.I)  

>>> mo.sub(r&#39;"\1****"&#39;,line)  
&#39;<IMG ALIGN="middle" SRC=\&#39;#\&#39;" /span> 

>>> mo.sub(r&#39;replace_str_\1&#39;,line)  
&#39;<IMG ALIGN="middle" replace_str_overview.gif BORDER="0" ALT="">&#39;< /span> 

>>> mo.sub(r&#39;"testetstset"&#39;,line)  
&#39;<IMG ALIGN="middle" SRC=\&#39;#\&#39;" /span>
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  注意: 其中 \1 是匹配到的数据,可以通过这样的方式直接引用

  2、遍历目录方法

  在某些时候,我们需要遍历某个目录找出特定的文件列表,可以通过os.walk方法来遍历,非常方便

import os
fileList = []
rootdir = "/data"
for root, subFolders, files in os.walk(rootdir):
if &#39;.svn&#39; in subFolders: subFolders.remove(&#39;.svn&#39;)  # 排除特定目录
for file in files:
  if file.find(".t2t") != -1:# 查找特定扩展名的文件
      file_dir_path = os.path.join(root,file)
      fileList.append(file_dir_path)  

print fileList
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  3、列表按列排序(list sort)

  如果列表的每个元素都是一个元组(tuple),我们要根据元组的某列来排序的化,可参考如下方法

  下面例子我们是根据元组的第2列和第3列数据来排序的,而且是倒序(reverse=True)

>>> a = [(&#39;2011-03-17&#39;, &#39;2.26&#39;, 6429600, &#39;0.0&#39;), (&#39;2011-03-16&#39;, &#39;2.26&#39;, 12036900, &#39;-3.0&#39;),
 (&#39;2011-03-15&#39;, &#39;2.33&#39;, 15615500,&#39;-19.1&#39;)]
>>> print a[0][0]
2011-03-17
>>> b = sorted(a, key=lambda result: result[1],reverse=True)
>>> print b
[(&#39;2011-03-15&#39;, &#39;2.33&#39;, 15615500, &#39;-19.1&#39;), (&#39;2011-03-17&#39;, &#39;2.26&#39;, 6429600, &#39;0.0&#39;),
(&#39;2011-03-16&#39;, &#39;2.26&#39;, 12036900, &#39;-3.0&#39;)]
>>> c = sorted(a, key=lambda result: result[2],reverse=True)
>>> print c
[(&#39;2011-03-15&#39;, &#39;2.33&#39;, 15615500, &#39;-19.1&#39;), (&#39;2011-03-16&#39;, &#39;2.26&#39;, 12036900, &#39;-3.0&#39;),
(&#39;2011-03-17&#39;, &#39;2.26&#39;, 6429600, &#39;0.0&#39;)]
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  4、列表去重(list uniq)

  有时候需要将list中重复的元素删除,就要使用如下方法

>>> lst= [(1,&#39;sss&#39;),(2,&#39;fsdf&#39;),(1,&#39;sss&#39;),(3,&#39;fd&#39;)]
>>> set(lst)
set([(2, &#39;fsdf&#39;), (3, &#39;fd&#39;), (1, &#39;sss&#39;)])
>>>
>>> lst = [1, 1, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 6]
>>> set(lst)
set([1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])
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  5、字典排序(dict sort)

  一般来说,我们都是根据字典的key来进行排序,但是我们如果想根据字典的value值来排序,就使用如下方法

>>> from operator import itemgetter
>>> aa = {"a":"1","sss":"2","ffdf":&#39;5&#39;,"ffff2":&#39;3&#39;}
>>> sort_aa = sorted(aa.items(),key=itemgetter(1))
>>> sort_aa
[(&#39;a&#39;, &#39;1&#39;), (&#39;sss&#39;, &#39;2&#39;), (&#39;ffff2&#39;, &#39;3&#39;), (&#39;ffdf&#39;, &#39;5&#39;)]
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  从上面的运行结果看到,按照字典的value值进行排序的

  6、字典,列表,字符串互转

  以下是生成数据库连接字符串,从字典转换到字符串

>>> params = {"server":"mpilgrim", "database":"master", "uid":"sa", "pwd":"secret"}
>>> ["%s=%s" % (k, v) for k, v in params.items()]
[&#39;server=mpilgrim&#39;, &#39;uid=sa&#39;, &#39;database=master&#39;, &#39;pwd=secret&#39;]
>>> ";".join(["%s=%s" % (k, v) for k, v in params.items()])
&#39;server=mpilgrim;uid=sa;database=master;pwd=secret&#39;
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  下面的例子 是将字符串转化为字典

>>> a = &#39;server=mpilgrim;uid=sa;database=master;pwd=secret&#39;
>>> aa = {}
>>> for i in a.split(&#39;;&#39;):aa[i.split(&#39;=&#39;,1)[0]] = i.split(&#39;=&#39;,1)[1]
...
>>> aa
{&#39;pwd&#39;: &#39;secret&#39;, &#39;database&#39;: &#39;master&#39;, &#39;uid&#39;: &#39;sa&#39;, &#39;server&#39;: &#39;mpilgrim&#39;}
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  7、时间对象操作

将时间对象转换成字符串
>>> import datetime
>>> datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M")
  &#39;2011-01-20 14:05&#39; 

时间大小比较
>>> import time
>>> t1 = time.strptime(&#39;2011-01-20 14:05&#39;,"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M")
>>> t2 = time.strptime(&#39;2011-01-20 16:05&#39;,"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M")
>>> t1 > t2
  False
>>> t1 < t2
  True 

时间差值计算,计算8小时前的时间
>>> datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M")
  &#39;2011-01-20 15:02&#39;
>>> (datetime.datetime.now() - datetime.timedelta(hours=8)).strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M")
  &#39;2011-01-20 07:03&#39; 

将字符串转换成时间对象
>>> endtime=datetime.datetime.strptime(&#39;20100701&#39;,"%Y%m%d")
>>> type(endtime)
  <type &#39;datetime.datetime&#39;>
>>> print endtime
  2010-07-01 00:00:00 

将从 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC 到现在的秒数,格式化输出   

>>> import time
>>> a = 1302153828
>>> time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",time.localtime(a))
  &#39;2011-04-07 13:23:48&#39;
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  8、命令行参数解析(getopt)

  通常在编写一些日运维脚本时,需要根据不同的条件,输入不同的命令行选项来实现不同的功能 在Python中提供了getopt模块很好的实现了命令行参数的解析,下面距离说明。请看如下程序:

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import sys,os,getopt
def usage():
print &#39;&#39;&#39;&#39;&#39;
Usage: analyse_stock.py [options...]
Options:
-e : Exchange Name
-c : User-Defined Category Name
-f : Read stock info from file and save to db
-d : delete from db by stock code
-n : stock name
-s : stock code
-h : this help info
test.py -s haha -n "HA Ha"
&#39;&#39;&#39; 

try:
opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:],&#39;he:c:f:d:n:s:&#39;)
except getopt.GetoptError:
usage()
sys.exit()
if len(opts) == 0:
usage()
sys.exit()  

for opt, arg in opts:
if opt in (&#39;-h&#39;, &#39;--help&#39;):
  usage()
  sys.exit()
elif opt == &#39;-d&#39;:
  print "del stock %s" % arg
elif opt == &#39;-f&#39;:
  print "read file %s" % arg
elif opt == &#39;-c&#39;:
  print "user-defined %s " % arg
elif opt == &#39;-e&#39;:
  print "Exchange Name %s" % arg
elif opt == &#39;-s&#39;:
  print "Stock code %s" % arg
elif opt == &#39;-n&#39;:
  print "Stock name %s" % arg  

sys.exit()
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  9、print 格式化输出

  9.1、格式化输出字符串

截取字符串输出,下面例子将只输出字符串的前3个字母
>>> str="abcdefg"
>>> print "%.3s" % str
  abc
按固定宽度输出,不足使用空格补全,下面例子输出宽度为10
>>> str="abcdefg"
>>> print "%10s" % str
     abcdefg
截取字符串,按照固定宽度输出
>>> str="abcdefg"
>>> print "%10.3s" % str
         abc
浮点类型数据位数保留
>>> import fpformat
>>> a= 0.0030000000005
>>> b=fpformat.fix(a,6)
>>> print b
  0.003000
对浮点数四舍五入,主要使用到round函数
>>> from decimal import *
>>> a ="2.26"
>>> b ="2.29"
>>> c = Decimal(a) - Decimal(b)
>>> print c
  -0.03
>>> c / Decimal(a) * 100
  Decimal(&#39;-1.327433628318584070796460177&#39;)
>>> Decimal(str(round(c / Decimal(a) * 100, 2)))
  Decimal(&#39;-1.33&#39;)
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  9.2、进制转换

  有些时候需要作不同进制转换,可以参考下面的例子(%x 十六进制,%d 十进制,%o 十进制)

>>> num = 10
>>> print "Hex = %x,Dec = %d,Oct = %o" %(num,num,num)
  Hex = a,Dec = 10,Oct = 12
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  10、Python调用系统命令或者脚本

使用 os.system() 调用系统命令 , 程序中无法获得到输出和返回值
>>> import os
>>> os.system(&#39;ls -l /proc/cpuinfo&#39;)
>>> os.system("ls -l /proc/cpuinfo")
  -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0  3月 29 16:53 /proc/cpuinfo
  0 

使用 os.popen() 调用系统命令, 程序中可以获得命令输出,但是不能得到执行的返回值
>>> out = os.popen("ls -l /proc/cpuinfo")
>>> print out.read()
  -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0  3月 29 16:59 /proc/cpuinfo  

使用 commands.getstatusoutput() 调用系统命令, 程序中可以获得命令输出和执行的返回值
>>> import commands
>>> commands.getstatusoutput(&#39;ls /bin/ls&#39;)
  (0, &#39;/bin/ls&#39;)
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  11、Python 捕获用户 Ctrl+C ,Ctrl+D 事件

  有些时候,需要在程序中捕获用户键盘事件,比如ctrl+c退出,这样可以更好的安全退出程序

try:
    do_some_func()
except KeyboardInterrupt:
    print "User Press Ctrl+C,Exit"
except EOFError:
    print "User Press Ctrl+D,Exit"
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  12、Python 读写文件

一次性读入文件到列表,速度较快,适用文件比较小的情况下
track_file = "track_stock.conf"
fd = open(track_file)
content_list = fd.readlines()
fd.close()
for line in content_list:
    print line  

逐行读入,速度较慢,适用没有足够内存读取整个文件(文件太大)
fd = open(file_path)
fd.seek(0)
title = fd.readline()
keyword = fd.readline()
uuid = fd.readline()
fd.close()  

写文件 write 与 writelines 的区别   

Fd.write(str) : 把str写到文件中,write()并不会在str后加上一个换行符
Fd.writelines(content) : 把content的内容全部写到文件中,原样写入,不会在每行后面加上任何东西
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