Python Capture Regular Expressions
什么是捕获呢?使用小括号指定一个子表达式后,匹配这个子表达式的文本(即匹配的内容)可以在表达式或者其他过程中接着用,下面这篇文章就主要介绍了Python正则表达式中关于捕获的相关资料,需要的朋友可以参考下。
前言
在上一篇文中,我们介绍了关于Python正则表达式的基础,那么在这一篇文章里,我们将总结一下正则表达式关于捕获的用法。下面话不多说,来看看详细的介绍吧。
捕获
捕获和分组在正则表达式中有着密切的联系,一般情况下,分组即捕获,都用小括号完成(因此,小括号在正则表达式中也属于特殊字符,表达原含义时需要转义):
(…) 正常分组,并捕获
(?:…) 分组,但是不捕获
举个例子,假设我们需要匹配一个座机号码:
>>> m = re.search(r'^(\d{3,4}-)?(\d{7,8})$','020-82228888') >>> m.group(0) '020-82228888' >>> m.group(1) '020-' >>> m.group(2) '82228888'
这里,默认分组(0)是完整的匹配,之后的分组则按出现顺序排列。
接下来,我们想在一整段文本中,找出所有的座机号码,这里需要用到re.findall
:
>>> re.findall(r'(\d{3,4}-)?(\d{7,8})','020-82228888\n0357-4227865') [('020-', '82228888'), ('0357-', '4227865')]
findall有一个特性,就是如果结果中有捕获的分组,则将捕获的分组组成tuple返回。利用这个特点,和上面提到的分组,但是不捕获的语法,可以得到我们想要的结果:
>>> re.findall(r'(?:\d{3,4}-)?\d{7,8}','020-82228888\n0357-4227865') ['020-82228888', '0357-4227865'] >>> re.findall(r'(?:\d{3,4}-)?\d{7,8}','020-82228888\n4227865') ['020-82228888', '4227865']
在正则表达式中,也可以通过\1,\2等来指代之前捕获的字符串组合。这个经常用于单双引号的正确匹配:
>>> sentence = """You said "why?" and I say "I don't know".""" >>> re.findall(r'["\'](.*?)["\']', sentence) ['why?', 'I don'] >>> re.findall(r'(["\'])(.*?)\1', sentence) [('"', 'why?'), ('"', "I don't know")]
此外,如果觉得\1,\2这种表示可读性不好的话,还可以给捕获起一个英文名字。如下例子中,实现了两种不同的日期格式之间的转换:
>>> sentence = "from 12/22/1629 to 11/14/1643" >>> re.sub(r'(?P<month>\d{2})/(?P<day>\d{2})/(?P<year>\d{4})', r'\g<year>-\g<month>-\g<day>', sentence) 'from 1629-12-22 to 1643-11-14'
但是,这种命名引用捕获的方式,在findall、search中却是无效的:
>>> sentence = """You said "why?" and I say "I don't know".""" >>> re.findall(r'(?P<quote>["\'])(.*?)\g<quote>', sentence) [] >>> re.search(r'(?P<quote>["\'])(.*?)\g<quote>', sentence) >>> re.search(r'(?P<quote>["\'])(.*?)\1', sentence) <_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(9, 15), match='"why?"'> >>> re.search(r'(?P<quote>["\'])(.*?)\1', sentence).groupdict() {'quote': '"'}
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