MySQL— pymysql and SQLAlchemy

Directory

1. pymysql

2. SQLAlchemy

1. pymysql

pymsql is a module for operating MySQL in Python. Its usage is as follows MySQLdb is almost the same.

1. Download and install

#在终端直接运行
pip3 install pymysql

2. Use operation

a. Execute SQL

#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import pymysql
  # 创建连接conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1')# 创建游标cursor = conn.cursor()
  # 执行SQL，并返回受影响行数effect_row = cursor.execute("update hosts set host = '1.1.1.2'")
  # 执行SQL，并返回受影响行数#effect_row = cursor.execute("update hosts set host = '1.1.1.2' where nid > %s", (1,))  # 执行SQL，并返回受影响行数#effect_row = cursor.executemany("insert into hosts(host,color_id)values(%s,%s)", [("1.1.1.11",1),("1.1.1.11",2)])  
  # 提交，不然无法保存新建或者修改的数据conn.commit()
  # 关闭游标cursor.close()# 关闭连接conn.close()

b. Get the newly created data and increment the ID

#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import pymysql
  
conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1')
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.executemany("insert into hosts(host,color_id)values(%s,%s)", [("1.1.1.11",1),("1.1.1.11",2)])
conn.commit()# 获取最新自增IDnew_id = cursor.lastrowid

cursor.close()
conn.close()

c. Get the query data

#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import pymysql
  
conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1')
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute("select * from hosts")
  # 获取第一行数据row_1 = cursor.fetchone()
  # 获取前n行数据# row_2 = cursor.fetchmany(3)# 获取所有数据# row_3 = cursor.fetchall()  
conn.commit()
cursor.close()
conn.close()

Note: When fetching data, proceed in order. You can use cursor.scroll(num,mode) to move the cursor position, such as:

• cursor.scroll(1,mode='relative') #Move relative to the current position

• cursor.scroll(2,mode='absolute') 　# Relative absolute position movement

d. fetch data type

About default The data obtained is tuple type. If you want to obtain dictionary type data, that is:

#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import pymysql
  
conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1')
  # 游标设置为字典类型cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)
r = cursor.execute("call p1()")
  
result = cursor.fetchone()
  
conn.commit()
cursor.close()
conn.close()

2. SQLAlchemy

SQLAlchemy is a version of the Python programming language ORM framework, which is built on the database API, uses relational object mapping to perform database operations. In short, it is: convert objects into SQL, and then use the data API to execute SQL and obtain the execution results.

1. Download and install

#在终端直接运行pip3 install SQLAlchemy

2. SQLAlchemy dependencies

SQLAlchemy itself cannot operate the database, it must rely on third-party plug-ins such as pymsql, Dialect It is used to communicate with the data API and call different database APIs according to different configuration files to implement operations on the database.

MySQL-Python
    mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>   
pymysql
    mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]
   
MySQL-Connector
    mysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>   
cx_Oracle
    oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]

For more details, see:index.html

3. ORM function usage

Use all components of ORM/Schema Type/SQL Expression Language/Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect to operate on data. Create objects based on classes, convert objects into SQL, and execute SQL.
a. Create table

#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_basefrom sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Indexfrom sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationshipfrom sqlalchemy import create_engine#表明依赖关系并创建连接，最大连接数为5 engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)
 
Base = declarative_base()
 # 创建单表class Users(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'users'    # 表名    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True,autoincrement=True)    # id列，主键自增    name = Column(String(32))    # name列    extra = Column(String(16))    # extra列 
    __table_args__ = (
    UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),    # 创建联合唯一索引        Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),    # 创建普通索引    )
 
 # 一对多class Favor(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'favor'    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    caption = Column(String(50), default='red', unique=True)
 
 class Person(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'person'    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
    favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid"))    # 创建外键 
 # 多对多class Group(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'group'    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
    port = Column(Integer, default=22)
 
 class Server(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'server'    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
 
 class ServerToGroup(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'servertogroup'    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))    # 创建外键    group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))    # 创建外键 
 def init_db():
    Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
 
 def drop_db():
    Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)

Note: Another way to set foreign keysForeignKeyConstraint(['other_id'], ['othertable .other_id'])

b. Operation table

#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_basefrom sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Indexfrom sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationshipfrom sqlalchemy import create_engine

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)

Base = declarative_base()# 创建单表class Users(Base):__tablename__ = 'users'id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32))
    extra = Column(String(16))__table_args__ = (
    UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),
        Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),
    )def __repr__(self):return "%s-%s" %(self.id, self.name)# 一对多class Favor(Base):__tablename__ = 'favor'nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    caption = Column(String(50), default='red', unique=True)def __repr__(self):return "%s-%s" %(self.nid, self.caption)class Person(Base):__tablename__ = 'person'nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
    favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid"))# 与生成表结构无关，仅用于查询方便favor = relationship("Favor", backref='pers')# 多对多class ServerToGroup(Base):__tablename__ = 'servertogroup'nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))
    group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))
    group = relationship("Group", backref='s2g')
    server = relationship("Server", backref='s2g')class Group(Base):__tablename__ = 'group'id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
    port = Column(Integer, default=22)# group = relationship('Group',secondary=ServerToGroup,backref='host_list')class Server(Base):__tablename__ = 'server'id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)def init_db():
    Base.metadata.create_all(engine)def drop_db():
    Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)

Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()

Table structure + database Connect

b.1 Add

#单条增加obj = Users(name="alex0", extra='sb')
session.add(obj)#多条增加session.add_all([
    Users(name="alex1", extra='sb'),
    Users(name="alex2", extra='sb'),
])#提交session.commit()

b.2 Delete

#先查询到要删除的记录，再deletesession.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete()
session.commit()

b.3 Change

#先查询，再更新session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"name" : "099"})    # 直接更改session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({Users.name: Users.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False)    # 字符串拼接session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"num": Users.num + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate")    # 数字相加session.commit()

b.4 Check

ret = session.query(Users).all()
ret = session.query(Users.name, Users.extra).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').first()

ret = session.query(Users).filter(text("id<:value and name=:name")).params(value=224, name=&#39;fred&#39;).order_by(User.id).all()

ret = session.query(Users).from_statement(text("SELECT * FROM users where name=:name")).params(name=&#39;ed&#39;).all()

b.5 Others

#　条件ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()    # 条件内为关键字表达式ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == 'eric').all()    # 条件内为SQL表达式ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == 'eric').all()    # betweenret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()    # inret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()    # not inret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name='eric'))).all()    # 子查询条件from sqlalchemy import and_, or_
ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == 'eric')).all()    # andret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == &#39;eric&#39;)).all()    # orret = session.query(Users).filter(
    or_(
        Users.id < 2,
        and_(Users.name == &#39;eric&#39;, Users.id > 3),
        Users.extra != "")).all()# 通配符ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like('e%')).all()    # e开头ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like('e%')).all()    # 非e开头# 限制ret = session.query(Users)[1:2]    # 相当于limit# 排序ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all()
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all()# 分组from sqlalchemy.sql import func

ret = session.query(Users).group_by(Users.extra).all()
ret = session.query(
    func.max(Users.id),
    func.sum(Users.id),
    func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all()

ret = session.query(
    func.max(Users.id),
    func.sum(Users.id),
    func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all()# 连表ret = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id == Favor.nid).all()    # 笛卡儿积连表ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor).all()    # 默认内连 inner joinret = session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True).all()    # 左连# 组合q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union(q2).all()

q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()

Reference materials:

1. Python development [Part 19]: Python operation MySQL

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