PHP closure (Closure), detailed explanation of anonymous function examples

This article mainly introduces to you the PHPanonymous function introduced in php5.3, that is, closure (Closure), and the role of closure. It is very detailed. It is recommended here to friends in need. them.

php's closure (Closure) is an anonymous function, which was introduced in PHP5.3.

The syntax of closure is very simple. The only keyword that needs attention is use. Use is to connect the closure and external variables.

The code is as follows:

$a = function() use($b) {}

A simple example is as follows:

The code is as follows:

function callback($fun) {
$fun();
}
$msg = "Hello, everyone";
$fun = function () use($msg) {
print "This is a closure use string value, msg is: $msg. <br />/n";
};
$msg = "Hello, everybody";
callback($fun);

The result is: This is a closure use string value, msg is: Hello, everyone.
/n

In PHP’s newly opened closure syntax, we use use to use variables defined outside the closure. Here we use the external variable $msg. After it is defined, its value is changed. After the closure is executed, the original value is output. For basic type parameters passed by value, the value of the closure use is determined when the closure is created.

The small application is as follows:

The code is as follows:

/** 
 * 一个利用闭包的计数器产生器 
 * 这里其实借鉴的是python中介绍闭包时的例子... 
 * 我们可以这样考虑: 
 *      1. counter函数每次调用, 创建一个局部变量$counter, 初始化为1. 
 *      2. 然后创建一个闭包, 闭包产生了对局部变量$counter的引用. 
 *      3. 函数counter返回创建的闭包, 并销毁局部变量, 但此时有闭包对$counter的引用,  
 *          它并不会被回收, 因此, 我们可以这样理解, 被函数counter返回的闭包, 携带了一个游离态的 
 *          变量. 
 *      4. 由于每次调用counter都会创建独立的$counter和闭包, 因此返回的闭包相互之间是独立的. 
 *      5. 执行被返回的闭包, 对其携带的游离态变量自增并返回, 得到的就是一个计数器. 
 * 结论: 此函数可以用来生成相互独立的计数器. 
 */  
function counter() {  
    $counter = 1;  
    return function() use(&$counter) {return $counter ++;};  
}  
$counter1 = counter();  
$counter2 = counter();  
echo "counter1: " . $counter1() . "<br />/n";  
echo "counter1: " . $counter1() . "<br />/n";  
echo "counter1: " . $counter1() . "<br />/n";  
echo "counter1: " . $counter1() . "<br />/n";  
echo "counter2: " . $counter2() . "<br />/n";  
echo "counter2: " . $counter2() . "<br />/n";  
echo "counter2: " . $counter2() . "<br />/n";  
echo "counter2: " . $counter2() . "<br />/n";  
?>

The role of closure

1. Reduce foreach loop code
For example, the example Cart

in the manual http://php.net/manual/en/functions.anonymous.php has the following code:

<?php
// 一个基本的购物车，包括一些已经添加的商品和每种商品的数量。
// 其中有一个方法用来计算购物车中所有商品的总价格。该方法使用了一个closure作为
回调函数
。
class Cart
{
    const PRICE_BUTTER  = 1.00;
    const PRICE_MILK    = 3.00;
    const PRICE_EGGS    = 6.95;
    protected   $products = array();
    public function add($product, $quantity)
    {
        $this->products[$product] = $quantity;
    }
    public function getQuantity($product)
    {
        return isset($this->products[$product]) ? $this->products[$product] :
               FALSE;
    }
    public function getTotal($tax)
    {
        $total = 0.00;
        $callback =
            function ($quantity, $product) use ($tax, &$total)
            {
                $pricePerItem = constant(CLASS . "::PRICE_" .
                    strtoupper($product));
                $total += ($pricePerItem * $quantity) * ($tax + 1.0);
            };
        //使用用户
自定义函数
对数组中的每个元素做回调处理
        array_walk($this->products, $callback);
        return round($total, 2);;
    }
}
$my_cart = new Cart;
// 往购物车里添加条目
$my_cart->add(&#39;butter&#39;, 1);
$my_cart->add(&#39;milk&#39;, 3);
$my_cart->add(&#39;eggs&#39;, 6);
// 打出出总价格，其中有 5% 的销售税.
print $my_cart->getTotal(0.05) . "\n";
// The result is 54.29
?>

If we transform the getTotal function here, we must use foreach.

2. Reduce the parameters of the function

The code is as follows:

function html($code , $id="", $class=""){
if ($id !== "") $id = " id = \"$id\"" ;
$class = ($class !== "")? " class =\"$class\">":">";
$open = "<$code$id$class";
$close = "</$code>";
return function ($inner = "") use ($open, $close){
return "$open$inner$close";
    };
}

If we use the usual method, we will Put inner in htmlfunction parameter, so that whether it is code reading or use, it is better to use closure.

3. Unlock the recursive function

The code is as follows:

<?php
$fib = function($n) use(&$fib) {
    if($n == 0 || $n == 1) return 1;
    return $fib($n - 1) + $fib($n - 2);
};
echo $fib(2) . "\n"; // 2
$lie = $fib;
$fib = function(){die(&#39;error&#39;);};//rewrite $fib variable 
echo $lie(5); // error   because $fib is referenced by closure

Note that use in the above question uses &, here If you don't use &, an error will occur. fib(n-1) cannot find the function (the type of fib was not defined before)

So you need to use

## when you want to use a closure to cancel the loop function.

# The code is as follows:

<?php
$recursive = function () use (&$recursive){
// The function is now available as $recursive
}

in this form.

4. Delay binding

If you need to delay binding the variables in use, you need to use a reference, otherwise a copy will be made when defining Copy it to use

The code is as follows:

<?php
$result = 0;
$one = function()
{
    var_dump($result);
};
$two = function() use ($result)
{
    var_dump($result);
};
$three = function() use (&$result)
{
    var_dump($result);
};
$result++;
$one();    // outputs NULL: $result is not in scope
$two();    // outputs int(0): $result was copied
$three();    // outputs int(1)

Using references or not using references means assigning values ​​when calling or assigning values ​​when declaring

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