Detailed explanation of CSS preprocessor Sass examples

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Sass is an auxiliary tool that enhances CSS. It adds advanced functions such as variables, nested rules, mixins, and inline imports based on CSS syntax. , these extensions make CSS more powerful and elegant. Using Sass and Sass style libraries (such as Compass) can help you better organize and manage style files and develop projects more efficiently.

1. Features

1. Fully compatible with CSS3

2. Add variables and Functions such as nesting and mixins

3. Perform operations on color values ​​and attribute values ​​through functions

4. Provides control instructions ( control directives) and other advanced functions

5. Customized output format

File suffix name:sass has two suffix names One file has the suffix name sass and does not use braces and semicolons; the other is the scss file we use here, which is similar to the css file format we usually write, using braces and semicolons. All sass files mentioned in this tutorial refer to files with the suffix scss. It is also recommended to use files with the suffix scss to avoid errors due to the strict format requirements of the sass suffix.

//文件后缀名为sass的语法
body
  background: #eee
  font-size:12px
p
  background: #0982c1

//文件后缀名为scss的语法  
body {
  background: #eee;
  font-size:12px;
}
p{
  background: #0982c1;
}

2. Syntax comparison between Sass and Less

2.1 The difference between Sass and Less

1. The compilation environment is different - Sass is compiled based on server-side environments such as Ruby, and Less can support both server-side compilation and client-side (browser environment) compilation

2. The variable symbols are different - Sass uses the $ symbol to declare variables, and Less uses the @ symbol to declare variables

3. The support for conditional statements is different - Sass supports complex conditions Statement (similar to if..else..), Less only supports simple conditional statements (similar to if()..)

4. Scope - Sass locally modified variables can affect Global variables, Less will only take effect in the local scope.

5. The ways to reference external CSS files are different - Sass can ignore the suffix when importing .sass or .scss files by default, while Less needs to control how the imported files are processed through keyword configuration.

2.2 Similarities between Sass and Less

1. Mixins - similar to functions or macros, and Parameters can be passed;

2. Nesting rules - nesting classes within classes, thereby reducing repeated code;

3. Operations - in CSS Use addition, subtraction, multiplication and division to calculate various numerical values ​​and strings, etc.;

4. Color function - you can edit colors through built-in functions;

5. Namespace (namespace)——Group styles so they can be called;
   

3. Introduction to the main functions of Sass syntax

3.1 CSS function extension

Nesting rules

Sass allows one set of CSS styles to be nested into another set of styles, and the inner style will The outer selector serves as the parent selector. The nesting function avoids repeatedly entering the parent selector and makes complex CSS structures easier to manage, such as:

//sass style or less style
#main p {
  color: #00ff00;
  width: 97%;

  .redbox {
    background-color: #ff0000;
    color: #000000;
  }
}

//css style
#main p {
color: #00ff00;
width: 97%; }
#main p .redbox {
  background-color: #ff0000;
  color: #000000; }

Parent Selector&

When nesting CSS rules, sometimes it is necessary to directly use the nested outer parent selector, for example, when setting the hover style for an element, or When the body element has a certain classname, & can be used to represent the parent selector outside the nested rule.

//sass style or less style
a {
  font-weight: bold;
  text-decoration: none;
  &:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
  body.firefox & { font-weight: normal; }
}

//css style
a {
font-weight: bold;
text-decoration: none; }
a:hover {
  text-decoration: underline; }
body.firefox a {
  font-weight: normal; }

Attribute nesting

Some CSS properties follow the same namespace (namespace), such as font-family, font- size, font-weight all use font as the namespace of the attribute. In order to facilitate the management of such attributes and avoid repeated input, Sass allows attributes to be nested in namespaces, for example:

//sass style
.funky {
  font: {
    family: fantasy;
    size: 30em;
    weight: bold;
  }
}

//css style
.funky {
  font-family: fantasy;
  font-size: 30em;
  font-weight: bold; }

The namespace can also contain itself Attribute values, for example:

//sass style
.funky {
  font: 20px/24px {
    family: fantasy;
    weight: bold;
  }
}

//css style
.funky {
  font: 20px/24px;
    font-family: fantasy;
    font-weight: bold; }

3.2 Import

The import (@import) rules of sass are different from those of CSS , the @import scss file will be merged during compilation to generate only one CSS file. But if you import a css file such as @import 'reset.css' in a sass file, the effect is the same as an ordinary CSS imported style file. The imported css file will not be merged into the compiled file, but will exist in @import mode. .

All sass import files can ignore the suffix .scss. Generally speaking, the basic file naming method starts with _, such as _mixin.scss. This kind of file does not need to be underlined when imported, but can be written as @import "mixin".

less’s import (@import) syntax: @import (keyword) “filename”;

Multiple keyword @import is allowed, you must use commas to separate keywords: example: @import (optional, reference) “foo.less”;

1. reference: Use the less file but do not output it

2. inline: include Output in the source file, but not processed

3. less: 将该文件视为less文件，无论其扩展名为什么

4. css: 将文件视为css文件，无论扩展名为什么

5. once: 该文件仅可导入一次 (默认)

6. multiple: 该文件可以多次导入

7. optional: 当没有发现文件时仍然编译

导入文件代码示例：

/*被导入sass文件a.scss，less文件a.less：*/

//a.scss or a.less
//-------------------------------
body {
  background: #eee;
}

/*需要导入样式的sass文件b.scss，less文件b.less：*/

@import "reset.css";
@import "a";
p{
  background: #0982c1;
}   

/*转译出来的b.css样式：*/

@import "reset.css";
body {
  background: #eee;
}
p{
  background: #0982c1;
}

根据上面的代码可以看出，b.scss编译后，reset.css继续保持import的方式，而a.scss则被整合进来了。同理，less中也是这样处理的。

3.3 注释 /* */ 与 //

Sass 支持标准的 CSS 多行注释 /* */，以及单行注释 //，前者会被完整输出到编译后的 CSS 文件中，而后者则不会。Less中不用担心这一点，Less中多行注释 /* */，以及单行注释 //都可以随意使用，都会在编译过程中被保留。例如：

//sass style
/* This comment is
 * several lines long.
 * since it uses the CSS comment syntax,
 * it will appear in the CSS output. */
body { color: black; }
// These comments are only one line long each.
// They won't appear in the CSS output,
// since they use the single-line comment syntax.
a { color: green; }

//css style
/* This comment is
 * several lines long.
 * since it uses the CSS comment syntax,
 * it will appear in the CSS output. */
body {
  color: black; }
a {
  color: green; }

3.4 SassScript

变量 $

Sass的变量必须是$开头，后面紧跟变量名，如果值后面加上!default则表示默认值。Less的变量与Sass类似，只是使用符号不同，Less中采用的是@

//sass style
//-------------------------------
$fontSize: 12px;
body{
    font-size:$fontSize;
}  
//less style
//-------------------------------
@fontSize: 12px;
body{
    font-size:@fontSize;
}
//css style
//-------------------------------
body{
    font-size:12px;
}

变量默认值

sass的默认变量一般是用来设置默认值，然后根据需求来覆盖的，覆盖的方式也很简单，只需要在使用默认变量之前重新声明下变量即可；默认变量的价值在进行组件化开发的时候会非常有用。

//sass style
//-------------------------------
$baseLineHeight:  1.5 !default;
body{
    line-height: $baseLineHeight; 
}

//css style
//-------------------------------
body{
    line-height:1.5;
}

/*覆盖默认值*/
//sass style
//-------------------------------
$baseLineHeight:  2;
$baseLineHeight:  1.5 !default;
body{
    line-height: $baseLineHeight; 
}

//css style
//-------------------------------
body{
    line-height:2;
}

变量 #{} 的使用形式

一般我们定义的变量都为属性值，可直接使用，但是如果变量作为属性或在某些特殊情况下等则必须要以#{$variables}形式使用。

//sass style
//-------------------------------
$borderDirection:    top !default; 
$baseFontSize:       12px !default;
$baseLineHeight:     1.5 !default;

//应用于class和属性
.border-#{$borderDirection}{
  border-#{$borderDirection}:1px solid #ccc;
}
//应用于复杂的属性值
body{
    font:#{$baseFontSize}/#{$baseLineHeight};
}

//css style
//-------------------------------
.border-top{
  border-top:1px solid #ccc;
}
body {
  font: 12px/1.5;
}

多值变量 list

简单来说list类型有点像js中的数组。list数据可通过空格，逗号或小括号分隔多个值，可用nth($var,$index)取值。

关于list数据操作还有很多其他函数如length($list)，join($list1,$list2,[$separator])，append($list,$value,[$separator])等

定义：

//一维数据
$px: 5px 10px 20px 30px;

//二维数据，相当于js中的二维数组
$px: 5px 10px, 20px 30px;
$px: (5px 10px) (20px 30px);

使用方法：

//sass style
//-------------------------------
$linkColor:  #08c #333 !default;//第一个值为默认值，第二个鼠标滑过值
a{
  color:nth($linkColor,1);

  &:hover{
    color:nth($linkColor,2);
  }
}

//css style
//-------------------------------
a{
  color:#08c;
}
a:hover{
  color:#333;
}

多值变量 map

简单来说map类型有点像es6语法中的map数据结构。map数据以key和value成对出现，其中value又可以是list。

格式为：$map: (key1: value1, key2: value2, key3: value3);可通过map-get($map,$key)取值。关于map数据还有很多其他函数如map-merge($map1,$map2)，map-keys($map)，map-values($map)等

定义：

$heading: (h1: 2em, h2: 1.5em, h3: 1.2em);

使用方法：

//sass style
//-------------------------------
$headings: (h1: 2em, h2: 1.5em, h3: 1.2em);
@each $header, $size in $headings {
  #{$header} {
    font-size: $size;
  }
}

//css style
//-------------------------------
h1 {
  font-size: 2em; 
}
h2 {
  font-size: 1.5em; 
}
h3 {
  font-size: 1.2em; 
}

变量作用域

Sass和Less中的变量作用域分别类似与javascript中的两种变量申明方式，下面一段代码可以对比出变量声明时的不同处理方式。

Sass中的变量赋值直接修改全局变量，Less中的变量赋值可只在局部生效。

//Sass style
$color:red; 
p{ 
  $color:blue; 
  color:$color;//blue 
} 
a{ 
  color:$color;//blue 
}
//Less style
@color:red; 
p{ 
  @color:blue; 
  color:@color;//blue 
} 
a{ 
  color:@color;//red 
}

3.5 混合(mixin)

sass中使用@mixin声明混合，可以传递参数，也可以给参数设置默认值。声明的@mixin通过@include来调用；在less中只需要将定义好的class用类似函数的方式直接引用。

无参数 mixin

//sass style
@mixin center-block {
    margin-left:auto;
    margin-right:auto;
}
.demo{
    @include center-block;
}
//less style
.center-block {
    margin-left:auto;
    margin-right:auto;
}
.demo{
    .center-block;
}

//css style
.demo{
    margin-left:auto;
    margin-right:auto;
}

有参数 mixin

//sass style
@mixin opacity($opacity:50) {
  opacity: $opacity / 100;
  filter: alpha(opacity=$opacity);
}
.opacity-80{
  @include opacity(80); //传递参数
}
//less style
.opacity(@opacity:50) {
  opacity: @opacity / 100;
  filter: alpha(opacity=@opacity);
}
.opacity-80{
  .opacity(80); //传递参数
}
//css style
.opacity-80{
  opacity: .8;
  filter: alpha(opacity=80);
}

多个参数 mixin

Sass调用时可直接传入值，如@include传入参数的个数小于@mixin定义参数的个数，则按照顺序表示，后面不足的使用默认值，如不足的没有默认值则报错。除此之外还可以选择性的传入参数，使用参数名与值同时传入；Less中使用方法类似。

//sass style   
@mixin horizontal-line($border:1px dashed #ccc, $padding:10px){
    border-bottom:$border;
    padding-top:$padding;
    padding-bottom:$padding;  
}
.imgtext-h li{
    @include horizontal-line(1px solid #ccc);
}
//less style
.horizontal-line(@border:1px dashed #ccc, @padding:10px){
    border-bottom:@border;
    padding-top:@padding;
    padding-bottom:@padding;  
}
.imgtext-h li{
    .horizontal-line(1px solid #ccc);
}
//css style
.imgtext-h li {
    border-bottom: 1px solid #cccccc;
    padding-top: 10px;
    padding-bottom: 10px;
}

多组值参数 mixin

Sass中如果一个参数可以有多组值，如box-shadow、transition等，那么参数则需要在变量后加三个点表示，如$variables…；Less表示不定参数时可以直接使用 … 表示，并用@arguments表示所有参数

//sass style   
//box-shadow可以有多组值，所以在变量参数后面添加...
@mixin box-shadow($shadow...) {
  -webkit-box-shadow:$shadow;
  box-shadow:$shadow;
}
.box{
  border:1px solid #ccc;
  @include box-shadow(0 2px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3),0 3px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.3),0 4px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.3));
}
//less style
.box-shadow(...) {
  -webkit-box-shadow:@arguments;
  box-shadow:@arguments;
}
.box{
  border:1px solid #ccc;
  .box-shadow(0 2px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3),0 3px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.3),0 4px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.3));
}
//css style
.box{
  border:1px solid #ccc;
  -webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3),0 3px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.3),0 4px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.3);
  box-shadow:0 2px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3),0 3px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.3),0 4px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.3);
}

3.6 运算

sass具有运算的特性，可以对数值型的Value(如：数字、颜色、变量、字符串等)进行加减乘除四则运算。请注意运算符前后请留一个空格，不然会出错。

//计算数值、变量
$baseFontSize:          14px !default;
$baseLineHeight:        2 !default;
$baseGap:               $baseFontSize * $baseLineHeight !default; // => 28px
$halfBaseGap:           $baseGap / 4  !default; // => 7px
$samllFontSize:         $baseFontSize - 2px  !default; // => 12px

$_columns:              12 !default;  
$_column-width:         60px !default;  
$_gutter:               20px !default;     
$_gridsystem-width:     $_columns * ($_column-width + $_gutter); // => 960px

//计算颜色
p {
  color: #010203 + #040506; // => #050709
}

//计算字符串
p:before {
  content: "Foo " + Bar; // => "Foo Bar"
  font-family: sans- + "serif"; // => sans-serif
}

3.7 控制指令

SassScript 提供了一些基础的控制指令，比如在满足一定条件时引用样式，或者设定范围重复输出格式。控制指令是一种高级功能，日常编写过程中并不常用到，主要与混合指令 (mixin) 配合使用。

@if

//sass style
p {
  @if 1 + 1 == 2 { border: 1px solid; }
  @if 5 < 3 { border: 2px dotted; }
  @if null  { border: 3px double; }
}
//css style
p {
border: 1px solid; }

//sass style
$type: monster;
p {
  @if $type == ocean {
    color: blue;
  } @else if $type == matador {
    color: red;
  } @else if $type == monster {
    color: green;
  } @else {
    color: black;
  }
}
//less style
@type: monster;
p (@type) when (@type = ocean){color: blue;}
p (@type) when (@type = matador){color: red;}
p (@type) when (@type = monster){color: green;}
p (@type) when (@type = dark){color: black;}

//css style
p {
color: green; }

@for

@for 指令包含两种格式：@for $var from through ，或者 @for $var from to ，区别在于 through 与 to 的含义：当使用 through 时，条件范围包含 与 的值，而使用 to 时条件范围只包含 的值不包含 的值。另外，$var 可以是任何变量，比如 $i； 和 必须是整数值。

//sass style
@for $i from 1 through 3 {
  .item-#{$i} { width: 2em * $i; }
}

//css style
.item-1 {
  width: 2em; }
.item-2 {
  width: 4em; }
.item-3 {
  width: 6em; }

@each

语法为：@each $var in 。其中$var表示变量，而list和map表示list类型数据和map类型数据。

单个字段list数据循环：

//sass style
$animal-list: puma, sea-slug, egret, salamander;
@each $animal in $animal-list {
  .#{$animal}-icon {
    background-image: url('/images/#{$animal}.png');
  }
}

//css style
.puma-icon {
  background-image: url('/images/puma.png'); 
}
.sea-slug-icon {
  background-image: url('/images/sea-slug.png'); 
}
.egret-icon {
  background-image: url('/images/egret.png'); 
}
.salamander-icon {
  background-image: url('/images/salamander.png'); 
}

多个字段list数据循环：

//sass style
//-------------------------------
$animal-data: (puma, black, default),(sea-slug, blue, pointer),(egret, white, move);
@each $animal, $color, $cursor in $animal-data {
  .#{$animal}-icon {
    background-image: url('/images/#{$animal}.png');
    border: 2px solid $color;
    cursor: $cursor;
  }
}

//css style
//-------------------------------
.puma-icon {
  background-image: url('/images/puma.png');
  border: 2px solid black;
  cursor: default; 
}
.sea-slug-icon {
  background-image: url('/images/sea-slug.png');
  border: 2px solid blue;
  cursor: pointer; 
}
.egret-icon {
  background-image: url('/images/egret.png');
  border: 2px solid white;
  cursor: move; 
}

多个字段map数据循环：

//sass style
//-------------------------------
$headings: (h1: 2em, h2: 1.5em, h3: 1.2em);
@each $header, $size in $headings {
  #{$header} {
    font-size: $size;
  }
}

//css style
//-------------------------------
h1 {
  font-size: 2em; 
}
h2 {
  font-size: 1.5em; 
}
h3 {
  font-size: 1.2em; 
}

@extend

@extend 的作用是将重复使用的样式 (.error) 延伸 (extend) 给需要包含这个样式的特殊样式（.seriousError），例子：

//sass style
//-------------------------------
.error {
  border: 1px #f00;
  background-color: #fdd;
}
.error.intrusion {
  background-image: url("/image/hacked.png");
}
.seriousError {
  @extend .error;
  border-width: 3px;
}

//css style
//-------------------------------
.error, .seriousError {
  border: 1px #f00;
  background-color: #fdd; }

.error.intrusion, .seriousError.intrusion {
  background-image: url("/image/hacked.png"); }

.seriousError {
  border-width: 3px; }

3.8 函数指令

Sass 支持自定义函数，并能在任何属性值或 Sass script 中使用：

//sass style
//-------------------------------
$grid-width: 40px;
$gutter-width: 10px;

@function grid-width($n) {
  @return $n * $grid-width + ($n - 1) * $gutter-width;
}

#sidebar { width: grid-width(5); }
//css style
//-------------------------------
#sidebar {
  width: 240px; }

与 mixin 相同，也可以传递若干个全局变量给函数作为参数。一个函数可以含有多条语句，需要调用 @return 输出结果。

Sass 函数允许使用关键词参数，上面的例子也可以写成：

//关键词参数调用形式
#sidebar { width: grid-width($n: 5); }

虽然不够简明，但是阅读起来会更方便。关键词参数给函数提供了更灵活的接口，以及容易调用的参数。关键词参数可以打乱顺序使用，如果使用默认值也可以省缺，另外，参数名被视为变量名，下划线、短横线可以互换使用。

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