Nginx virtual server domain name configuration method

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Release: 2023-03-22 12:52:02
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This article mainly shares with you the Nginx virtual server domain name configuration method. The virtual server name (server name) is specified through the command server_name. exist" How does Nginx handle Request? 》In the section, we talked about nginx matching the incoming Request request in two steps:

1. Select server

2. Select location

In step 1, there are actually two steps:

1). Match port

2). Match server_name

Let’s talk about how nginx specifically matches server_name.

server_name command

There are three forms of server_name:

1. Exact names

2. Wildcard (*) form

3. Regular expression form

is as follows:

server {
    listen      80;
    server_name  example.org  www.example.org;
    ...
}
server {
    listen      80;
    server_name  *.example.org;
    ...
}
server {
    listen      80;
    server_name  mail.*;
    ...
}
server {
    listen      80;
    server_name  ~^(?<user>.+)\.example\.net$;
    ...
}
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The wildcard form is actually divided into Forward wildcard character and backward wildcard character (as in the second and third examples respectively), the wildcard character cannot be located in the middle of the string.


Of course, there is a situation where a host matches one or more of the above three forms at the same time. For example, if the host is www.example.com, it can match at the same time. ;

server_name *.example.com *.com www.example.com www.example.* www.* ~^(.+)\.example\.com$

server_name Yes Of the 6 command parameters, www.example.com all matches , so which one should you choose in the end? There is a certain order:


  1. ##Exact domain name match , www.example.com

  2. Starts with the wildcard *, the longest domain name , *.example.com

  3. starts with the wildcard character * ends with the longest domain name , www.example.*

  4. and finally in the form of a regular expression, as it appears in the configuration file In order, try to match in sequence, select the first matched domain name, ~^(.+)\.example\.com$


The precise domain name form is very simple. Next, we will introduce the wildcard and regular expression forms of server_name.


Wildcard character

The use of wildcard character * in server name is very strict:

can only be located at the head of the domain name or The tail cannot appear in the middle; and must be separated by ".":

*.example.com


www.example.*

The following are illegal forms:

www.*.example.org

w*.example.org


Of course, if you want to achieve the last two Regular expressions can be used to reflect the purpose. For example, the two illegal domain names above can be written like this:

~^www\..+\.example\.org$


~^w.*\.example\.org$



Another special form can match both example.org and *.example .org, this is

.example.org


正则表达式

nginx的正则表达式语法使用的是Perl语言(PCRE)的正则语法。基本形式为

server_name ~^www\d+\.example\.net$;

这则表达式需要注意的几点


  • 必须以~开始,没有~符号的要么被视作完全匹配或者通配符匹配

  • ~和正则表达式主体之间没有空格

  • 正则表达式主体通常以^开始以$结束(虽说语法上不一定要求如此,但是从逻辑意义上强烈要求这么做)。

  • 正则表达式中,点号"."必须转义,写作"\.";正则表达式可以不用引号包住,但是,如果其中包含"{"和"}"则必须用双引号包裹

例如:

server_name "~^(?\w\d{1,3}+)\.example\.net$";

如果不加引号,nginx便无法正确加载配置文件,并报一个错误:

directive "server_name" is not terminated by ";" in ...


正则表达式使用命名捕获组,例如:

server {
    server_name ~^(?<myname>.+)\.example\.cn$;
    root /var/www/hb/$myname;   
}
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PCRE语法支持下面几种捕获语法:

?<name>
?&#39;name&#39;
?P<name>
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前面两者是最新的语法,第三种是老的写法。如果nginx报下面错误:

pcre_compile() failed: unrecognized character after (?< in ...

说明,你应该将?或者?'name'改为较古老的?P写法了。


同样,使用普通捕获组也是可以的:

server {
    server_name ~^(.+)\.example\.cn$;
    root /var/www/hb/$1;  
}
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当然,普通捕获组要慎用,因为很容易被后面的正则所覆盖。


其他形式

除了两面提到的几种形式,sername_name的指令参数还有可能是其他的几种形式。

如果请求Request没有Host的头部,那么如果想要匹配,可以用空字符串:

server {
    listen      80;
    server_name  example.org  www.example.org  "";
    ...
}
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另外,如果在server上下文中,没有定义 server_name,那么nginx使用空字符串作为虚拟机名称。

如果使用IP而不是域名来发起请求,那么Host请求头就是一个IP,此时server_name也可以写成一个IP:

server {
    listen      80;
    server_name  example.org
                www.example.org
                ""
                192.168.1.1
                ;
    ...
}
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"_"可以用来匹配所有的域名

server {
    listen      80  default_server;
    server_name  _;
    return      444;
}
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其他的字符,"-"和"!@#"也是可以的。注意,匹配所有域名的不能是"*"


最佳实践

我们知道nginx是一个款高性能的web服务器,其设计充满了许多优化的技巧。在使用的时候也不例外,如果我们能对nginx的设计原理有一些了解,我们在配置时就能很好的利用这些设计,从而使得nginx的效率达到最大化。

前面提到,server_name的指令参数匹配有一定的匹配顺序,即最先匹配精确域名形式,然后匹配以通配符*开始的域名,其次匹配以通配符*结束的域名,最后是匹配正则形式。如果前面匹配到了,就会终止继续匹配。

从原理上说,这是因为,nginx会为每个监听的port分别维护精确域名,前向通配符和后项通配符的Hash表。Hash表能在nginx启动的配置阶段得到创建和优化。精确域名的Hash表首先被搜寻,如果找不到,前向通配Hash表会被接着被搜寻,如果也没有找到,那么后向通配Hash表会被搜寻。搜寻通配Hash表要比精确域名Hash表要慢,因为其是按照域名的部分来做搜寻的(比如,*.example.com,会搜寻example和com部分)。

值得注意的是:".example.org"被存在通配Hash表里面,并没有存在精确Hash表里面,因此匹配它是较慢的。

如果以上两种方式都还没有匹配上,那么最后轮到正则形式的指令上场了。正则形式的域名是按照先后顺序一个一个的去匹配的,没有存入任何Hash表,匹配到正确的就结束,因此,这是最慢的形式,没有任何“技巧”可言。

因此,最好的配置方式就是,尽可能使用精确域名,其次是通配符形式的,最后是正则形式。即便是正则形式域名,也要根据实际需要将用的最多的域名尽量前置。这样方可使得nginx的性能达到最大化。

例如:

server {
    listen      80;
    server_name  example.org  www.example.org  *.example.org;
    ...
}
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这种方式要优于:

server {
    listen      80;
    server_name  .example.org;
    ...
}
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长域名,多域名的情况

在某些情况下,域名会非常的长,nginx不会允许其无限长,默认最大为32。在http上下文中,你可以通过server_names_hash_bucket_size指令来设置,可选参数有32,64(2的N次方)等

例如,如果域名被定义为:"too.long.server.name.example.org",超过32字符,那么会报错:

could not build the server_names_hash,

you should increase server_names_hash_bucket_size: 32

解决方式:

http {
    server_names_hash_bucket_size  64;
    ...
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在另一些情况下,server_name配置的域名又很多,nginx同样可能报错:
could not build the server_names_hash,

you should increase either server_names_hash_max_size: 512

or server_names_hash_bucket_size: 32

这种情况下,先设置server_names_hash_max_size为一个接近你域名总数的一个合理值,如果这个还不管用,那么再调大server_names_hash_bucket_size的值(例如将2^N调整到2^(N+1))

http {
    server_names_hash_max_size:600
    server_names_hash_bucket_size 32;
    ...
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如果一个域名是某个监听端口下的唯一域名,那么nginx就不会建立Hash匹配表,也不会有上面介绍的那些匹配流程,然而,如果这个唯一的域名是一个捕获组正则表达式,那么nginx还是去尝试去解析正则表达式以提取这个字段。

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