How to use regular expressions in js (with code)
这次给大家带来js中的正则表达式如何使用(附代码),使用js中正则表达式注意事项有哪些,下面就是实战案例,一起来看一下。
阅读目录
正则表达式的创建
正则表达式中的特殊字符
\ (反斜杠)
^
$
*, +, .(小数点)
? (问号)
(x)
(?:x)
x(?=y), x(?!y), x|y
{n}, {n,m}:
[xyz], [^xyz]
其他
正则表达式标志
正则表达式使用
很多时候多会被正则表达式搞的晕头转向,最近抽出时间对正则表达式进行了系统的学习,整理如下:
正则表达式的创建
两种方法,一种是直接写,由包含在斜杠之间的模式组成;另一种是调用RegExp对象的构造函数。
两种方法的创建代码如下:
// 直接创建 const regex1 = /ab+c/; const regex2 = /^[a-zA-Z]+[0-9]*\W?_$/gi; // 调用构造函数 const regex3 = new RegExp('ab+c'); const regex4 = new RegExp(/^[a-zA-Z]+[0-9]*\W?_$/, "gi"); const regex5 = new RegExp('^[a-zA-Z]+[0-9]*\W?_$', 'gi');
可以看出,调用RegExp构造函数创建正则表达式时,第一个参数可以是字符串,也可以是直接创建的正则表达式。
需要注意的是:RegExp实例继承的toLocaleString()和toString)()方法都会返回正则表达式的字面量,与创建正则表达式的方式无关
例如:
const ncname = '[a-zA-Z_][\\w\\-\\.]*'; const qnameCapture = '((?:' + ncname + '\\:)?' + ncname + ')'; const startTagOpen = new RegExp('^<' + qnameCapture); startTagOpen.toString(); // '/^<((?:[a-zA-Z_][\w\-\.]*\:)?[a-zA-Z_][\w\-\.]*)/'
正则表达式中的特殊字符
\ (反斜杠)
1.在非特殊字符前加反斜杠表示下一个字符是特殊的;
2.将其后的特殊字符转译为字面量;
注意:在使用RegExp构造函数时要将\转译,因为\在字符串里也是转译字符
^
1.匹配输入的开始;
2.在[]中的第一位时表示反向字符集;
例子:
/^A/.exec('an A') // null /^A/.exec('An E') // ["A", index: 0, input: "An E"]
$
匹配输入的结束
/t$/.exec('eater') // null /t$/.exec('eat') // ["t", index: 2, input: "eat"] *, +, .(小数点)
*:匹配前一个表达式0次或多次。等价于 {0,};
+:匹配前面一个表达式1次或者多次。等价于 {1,};
.:
匹配除换行符之外的任何单个字符;
? (问号)
1.匹配前面一个表达式0次或者1次。等价于 {0,1};
2.如果紧跟在任何量词 * + ? {} 的后面,将会使量词变为非贪婪的(匹配尽量少的字符),和缺省使用的贪婪模式正好相反;
3.运用于先行断言
例子:
/\d+/.exec('123abc') // ["123", index: 0, input: "123abc"] /\d+?/.exec('123abc') // ["1", index: 0, input: "123abc"]
(x)
匹配 'x' 并且记住匹配项,括号表示捕获括号;
例子:
/(foo) (bar) \1 \2/.test('bar foo bar foo'); // false /(bar) (foo) \1 \2/.test('bar foo bar foo'); // true /(bar) (foo) \1 \2/.test('bar foo'); // false /(bar) (foo) \1 \2/.test('bar foo foo bar'); // false /(bar) (foo) \2 \1/.test('bar foo foo bar'); // true 'bar foo bar foo'.replace( /(bar) (foo)/, '$2 $1' ); // "foo bar bar foo"
模式 /(foo) (bar) \1 \2/ 中的 '(foo)' 和 '(bar)' 匹配并记住字符串 "foo bar foo bar" 中前两个单词。模式中的 \1 和 \2 匹配字符串的后两个单词。
注意:\1、\2、\n 是用在正则表达式的匹配环节,在正则表达式的替换环节,则要使用像 $1、$2、$n 这样的语法。例如,'bar foo'.replace( /(...) (...)/, '$2 $1' )。
(?:x)
匹配 'x' 但是不记住匹配项,这种叫作非捕获括号;
例子:
'foo'.match(/foo{1,2}/) // ["foo", index: 0, input: "foo"] 'foo'.match(/(?:foo){1,2}/) // ["foo", index: 0, input: "foo"] 'foofoo'.match(/(?:foo){1,2}/) // ["foofoo", index: 0, input: "foofoo"] 'foofoo'.match(/foo{1,2}/) // ["foo", index: 0, input: "foofoo"]
使用场景:示例表达式 /(?:foo){1,2}/。如果表达式是 /foo{1,2}/,{1,2}将只对 ‘foo' 的最后一个字符 'o‘ 生效。如果使用非捕获括号,则{1,2}会匹配整个 ‘foo' 单词。
x(?=y), x(?!y), x|y
x(?=y):匹配'x'仅仅当'x'后面跟着'y';
x(?!y):匹配'x'仅仅当'x'后面不跟着'y';
x|y: 匹配x或y
这两种匹配的结果都不包含y
例子:
'JackSprat'.match(/Jack(?=Sprat)/) // ["Jack", index: 0, input: "JackSprat"] 'JackWprat'.match(/Jack(?=Sprat)/) // null 'JackWprat'.match(/Jack(?=Sprat|Wprat)/) // ["Jack", index: 0, input: "JackWprat"] /\d+(?!\.)/.exec("3.141") // ["141", index: 2, input: "3.141"]
{n}, {n,m}:
{n}:匹配了前面一个字符刚好发生了n次;
{n,m}:匹配前面的字符至少n次,最多m次。如果 n 或者 m 的值是0, 这个值被忽略;
例子:
/a{2}/.exec('candy') // null /a{2}/.exec('caandy') // ["aa", index: 1, input: "caandy"] /a{2}/.exec('caaandy') // ["aa", index: 1, input: "caaandy"] /a{1,3}/.exec('candy') // ["a", index: 1, input: "candy"] /a{1,3}/.exec('caandy') // ["aa", index: 1, input: "caandy"] /a{1,3}/.exec('caaandy') // ["aaa", index: 1, input: "caaandy"] /a{1,3}/.exec('caaaandy') // ["aaa", index: 1, input: "caaaandy"]
[xyz], [^xyz]
[xyz]:一个字符集合。匹配方括号的中任意字符;
[^xyz]:一个反向字符集。匹配任何没有包含在方括号中的字符;
这两种匹配都可以使用破折号(-)来指定一个字符范围,特殊符号在字符集中没有了特殊意义。
例:
function escapeRegExp(string){ return string.replace(/([.*+?^=!:${}()|[\]\/\\])/g, "\\$&"); //$&表示整个被匹配的字符串 }
例子中的.*+?^=!:${}()都表示字面量,并没有特殊意义。
其他
\b:匹配一个词的边界。一个匹配的词的边界并不包含在匹配的内容中。换句话说,一个匹配的词的边界的内容的长度是0;
\B: 匹配一个非单词边界;
例子:
/\bm/.exec('moon') // ["m", index: 0, input: "moon"] /\bm/.exec('san moon') // ["m", index: 4, input: "san moon"] /oo\b/.exec('moon') // null /\B../.exec('noonday') // ["oo", index: 1, input: "noonday"] /y\B../.exec('possibly yesterday') // /y\B../.exec('possibly yesterday')
\d:匹配一个数字,等价于[0-9];
\D:匹配一个非数字字符,等价于[^0-9];
\f:匹配一个换页符 (U+000C);
\n:匹配一个换行符 (U+000A);
\r:匹配一个回车符 (U+000D);
\s:匹配一个空白字符,包括空格、制表符、换页符和换行符,等价于[ \f\n\r\t\v\u00a0\u1680\u180e\u2000-\u200a\u2028\u2029\u202f\u205f\u3000\ufeff];
\S:匹配一个非空白字符,等价于[^ \f\n\r\t\v\u00a0\u1680\u180e\u2000-\u200a\u2028\u2029\u202f\u205f\u3000\ufeff];
\w:匹配一个单字字符(字母、数字或者下划线),等价于[A-Za-z0-9_];
\W:匹配一个非单字字符,等价于[^A-Za-z0-9_];
正则表达式标志
g:全局搜索;
i:不区分大小写;
m:多行搜索;
正则表达式使用
RegExp有exec()和test()方法;
exec匹配的结果为:匹配结果、捕获结果,index和input。
test匹配的结果为true或false,效率比exec要高。
String有match(),replace(),search(),split()方法;
match匹配的结果同RegExp的exec,replace根据正则表达式替换,search查找所以位置,split根据正则表达式分割字符串。
其中,当replace有function时,参数说明如下:
* 匹配项
* 记忆项(括号里面的项)
* ...
* 匹配的index
* input输入项
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