Summary of JavaScript development interview questions
This article shares with you a summary of JavaScript development interview questions. The content is quite good. I hope it can help friends in need
No1. Grammar and types
1. Declaration and definition
Variable type: var, defines variables; let, defines block domain (scope) local variables; const, defines read-only constants.
Variable format: starts with a letter, underscore "_" or $ symbol, case sensitive.
Variable assignment: A variable that is declared but not assigned has a value of undefined when used. An exception will be thrown if an undeclared variable is used directly.
Unassigned variable for calculation: the result is NaN. For example:
var x, y = 1; console.log(x + y); //结果为NaN,因为x没有赋值。
2. Scope
Variable scope: Before ES6, there was no block declaration scope, and variables acted in function blocks or globally. As shown in the following code, the input x is 5.
if (true) {var x = 5; } console.log(x); // 5
ES6 variable scope: ES6 supports block scope, but you need to use let to declare variables. The following code output results in an exception being thrown.
f (true) {let y = 5; } console.log(y); // ReferenceError: y is not defined1234
Variable floating: In a method or global code, when we use a variable before the variable is declared, an exception is not thrown, but undefined is returned. This is because JavaScript automatically floats variable declarations to the front of functions or globals. For example, the following code:
/** * 全局变量上浮 * /console.log(x === undefined); // logs "true" var x = 3; /** * 方法变量上浮 */ var myvar = "my value"; // 打印变量myvar结果为:undefined (function() { console.log(myvar); // undefined var myvar = "local value"; })();
The above code and the following code are equivalent:
/** * 全局变量上浮 */var x; console.log(x === undefined); // logs "true"x = 3;/** * 方法变量上浮 */var myvar = "my value"; (function() {var myvar; console.log(myvar); // undefinedmyvar = "local value"; })();
Global variables: In the page, the global object is window, so we can access global variables through window. variable. For example:
version = "1.0.0"; console.log(window.version); //输出1.0.0
No2. Data structure and type
1.数据类型
6个基础类型:Boolean(true或者false)、null(js大小写敏感,和Null、NULL是有区别的)、undefined、Number、String、Symbol(标记唯一和不可变)
一个对象类型:object。
object和function:对象作为值的容器,函数作为应用程序的过程。
2.数据转换
函数:字符串转换为数字可使用parseInt和parseFloat方法。
parseInt:函数签名为parseInt(string, radix),radix是2-36的数字表示数字基数,例如十进制或者十六进制。返回结果为integer或者NaN,例如下面输出结果都为15。
parseInt("0xF", 16); parseInt("F", 16); parseInt("17", 8); parseInt(021, 8); parseInt("015", 10); parseInt(15.99, 10); arseInt("15,123", 10); parseInt("FXX123", 16); parseInt("1111", 2); parseInt("15*3", 10); parseInt("15e2", 10); parseInt("15px", 10);
parseFloat:函数签名为parseFloat(string),返回结果为数字或者NaN。例如:
parseFloat("3.14"); //返回数字 parseFloat("314e-2"); //返回数字 parseFloat("more non-digit characters"); //返回NaN
3.数据类型文本化
文本化类型:Array、Boolean、Floating-point 、integers、Object、RegExp、String。
Array中额外的逗号情况:["Lion", , "Angel"],长度为3,[1]的值为undefiend。['home', , 'school', ],最后一个逗号省略所以长度为3。[ , 'home', , 'school'],长度为4。['home', , 'school', , ],长度为4。
integer整数:整数可以表达为十进制、八进制、十六进制、二进制。例如:
0, 117 and -345 //十进制 015, 0001 and -0o77 //八进制 0x1123, 0x00111 and -0xF1A7 //十六进制 0b11, 0b0011 and -0b11 1234 //二进制
浮点数:[(+|-)][digits][.digits][(E|e)[(+|-)]digits]。例如:
3.1415926,-.123456789,-3.1E+12(3100000000000),.1e-23(1e-24)
对象:对象的属性获取值可通过“.属性”或者“[属性名]”获取。例如:
var car = { manyCars: {a: "Saab", "b": "Jeep"}, 7: "Mazda" }; console.log(car.manyCars.b); // Jeep console.log(car[7]); // Mazda
对象属性:属性名可以是任意字符串或者空字符串,无效的名字可通过引号包含起来。复杂的名字不能通过.获取,但可以通过[]获取。例如:
var unusualPropertyNames = { "": "An empty string", "!": "Bang!" } console.log(unusualPropertyNames.""); // SyntaxError: Unexpected string console.log(unusualPropertyNames[""]); // An empty string console.log(unusualPropertyNames.!); // SyntaxError: Unexpected token ! console.log(unusualPropertyNames["!"]); // Bang!
转意字符:下面的字符串输出结果包含了双引号,因为使用了转意符号“\””。
var quote = "He read \"The Cremation of Sam McGee\" by R.W. Service."; console.log(quote); /输出:He read "The Cremation of Sam McGee" by R.W. Service.1。
字符串换行法:直接在字符串行结束时添加“\”,如下代码所示:
var str = "this string \ is broken \ across multiple\ lines." console.log(str); // this string is broken across multiplelines.
No3.控制流和错误处理
1.块表达式
作用:块表达式一般用于控制流,像if、for、while。下面的代码中{x++;}就是一个块声明。
while (x < 10) {x++; }
ES6之前没有块域范围:在ES6之前,在block中定义的变量实际是包含在方法或者全局中,变量的影响超出了块作用域的范围。例如下面的代码最终执行结果为2,因为block中声明的变量作用于方法。
var x = 1; {var x = 2; } console.log(x); // outputs 2
ES6之后有块域范围:在ES6中,我们可以把块域声明var改成let,让变量只作用域block范围。
var b = new Boolean(false); if (b) // 返回true if (b == true) // 返回false
No4.异常处理
1.异常类型
抛出异常语法:抛异常可以是任意类型。如下所示。
throw "Error2"; // 字符串类型 throw 42; // 数字类型 throw true; // 布尔类型 throw {toString: function() { return "I'm an object!"; } }; //对象类型
自定义异常:
// 创建一个对象类型UserException function UserException(message) { this.message = message; this.name = "UserException"; } //重写toString方法,在抛出异常时能直接获取有用信息 UserException.prototype.toString = function() { return this.name + ': "' + this.message + '"'; } // 创建一个对象实体并抛出它 throw new UserException("Value too high");
2.语法
关键字:使用try{}catch(e){}finally{}语法,和C#语法相似。
finally返回值:如果finaly添加了return 语句,则不管整个try.catch返回什么,返回值都是finally的return。如下所示:
function f() { try { console.log(0); throw "bogus"; } catch(e) { console.log(1); return true; // 返回语句被暂停,直到finally执行完成 console.log(2); // 不会执行的代码 } finally { console.log(3); return false; //覆盖try.catch的返回 console.log(4); //不会执行的代码 } // "return false" is executed now console.log(5); // not reachable} f(); // 输出 0, 1, 3; 返回 false
finally吞并异常:如果finally有return并且catch中有throw异常。throw的异常不会被捕获,因为已经被finally的return覆盖了。如下代码所示:
function f() { try { throw "bogus"; } catch(e) { console.log('caught inner "bogus"'); throw e; // throw语句被暂停,直到finally执行完成 } finally { return false; // 覆盖try.catch中的throw语句 } // 已经执行了"return false"}try { f(); } catch(e) { //这里不会被执行,因为catch中的throw已经被finally中的return语句覆盖了 console.log('caught outer "bogus"'); }// 输出// caught inner "bogus"
系统Error对象:我们可以直接使用Error{name, message}对象,例如:throw (new Error(‘The message’));
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