Summary:
In Java, an object must be properly initialized before it can be used. This is stipulated by the Java specification. When instantiating an object, the JVM will first check whether the relevant type has been loaded and initialized. If not, the JVM will immediately load it and call the class constructor to complete the initialization of the class. During the class initialization process or after the initialization is completed, the class will be instantiated according to the specific situation. This article attempts to give a detailed and in-depth introduction to the process of class initialization and instantiation performed by the JVM in order to clearly dissect the creation process of a Java object from the perspective of the Java virtual machine.
We know that an object must be correctly instantiated before it can be used. In Java code, there are many behaviors that can cause the creation of objects. The most intuitive one is to use the new keyword to call the constructor of a class to explicitly create an object. This method is called in the Java specification: Object creation caused by executing a class instance creation expression. In addition, we can also use the reflection mechanism (newInstance method of the Class class, use the newInstance method of the Constructor class), use the Clone method, use deserialization, etc. to create objects. The author will introduce this one by one below:
1). Use the new keyword to create objects
This is our most common and simplest way to create objects. method, in this way we can call any constructor (parameterless and parameterized) to create an object. For example:
Student student = new Student();
2). Use the newInstance method of the Class class (reflection mechanism)
We can also use the newInstance method of the Class class to create it through Java's reflection mechanism. Object, in fact, this newInstance method calls the constructor without parameters to create the object, such as:
Student student2 = (Student)Class.forName("Student类全限定名").newInstance();
或者：
Student stu = Student.class.newInstance();3). Use the newInstance method of the Constructor class (reflection mechanism)
## The #java.lang.relect.Constructor class also has a newInstance method that can create objects. This method is very similar to the newInstance method in the Class class, but in comparison, the newInstance method of the Constructor class is more powerful. We can use this newInstance Methods call parameterized and private constructors, such as:public class Student {
private int id;
public Student(Integer id) {
this.id = id;
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Constructor<Student> constructor = Student.class
.getConstructor(Integer.class);
Student stu3 = constructor.newInstance(123);
}
}4). Create an object using the Clone method
Whenever we call the clone method of an object, the JVM will help us create a new and identical object. It should be noted that no constructor is called during the creation of an object using the clone method. Simply put, if we want to use the clone method, we must first implement the Cloneable interface and implement the clone method defined by it. This is also the application of the prototype pattern. For example:public class Student implements Cloneable{
private int id;
public Student(Integer id) {
this.id = id;
}
@Override
protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
return super.clone();
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Constructor<Student> constructor = Student.class
.getConstructor(Integer.class);
Student stu3 = constructor.newInstance(123);
Student stu4 = (Student) stu3.clone();
}
}5). Use the (de)serialization mechanism to create objects
When we deserialize an object, the JVM will create a separate Object, during this process, the JVM will not call any constructor. In order to deserialize an object, we need to make our class implement the Serializable interface, such as:public class Student implements Cloneable, Serializable {
private int id;
public Student(Integer id) {
this.id = id;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Student [id=" + id + "]";
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Constructor<Student> constructor = Student.class
.getConstructor(Integer.class);
Student stu3 = constructor.newInstance(123);
// 写对象
ObjectOutputStream output = new ObjectOutputStream(
new FileOutputStream("student.bin"));
output.writeObject(stu3);
output.close();
// 读对象
ObjectInputStream input = new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream(
"student.bin"));
Student stu5 = (Student) input.readObject();
System.out.println(stu5);
}
}6). Complete example
public class Student implements Cloneable, Serializable {
private int id;
public Student() {
}
public Student(Integer id) {
this.id = id;
}
@Override
protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
return super.clone();
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Student [id=" + id + "]";
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
System.out.println("使用new关键字创建对象：");
Student stu1 = new Student(123);
System.out.println(stu1);
System.out.println("\n---------------------------\n");
System.out.println("使用Class类的newInstance方法创建对象：");
Student stu2 = Student.class.newInstance(); //对应类必须具有无参构造方法，且只有这一种创建方式
System.out.println(stu2);
System.out.println("\n---------------------------\n");
System.out.println("使用Constructor类的newInstance方法创建对象：");
Constructor<Student> constructor = Student.class
.getConstructor(Integer.class); // 调用有参构造方法
Student stu3 = constructor.newInstance(123);
System.out.println(stu3);
System.out.println("\n---------------------------\n");
System.out.println("使用Clone方法创建对象：");
Student stu4 = (Student) stu3.clone();
System.out.println(stu4);
System.out.println("\n---------------------------\n");
System.out.println("使用(反)序列化机制创建对象：");
// 写对象
ObjectOutputStream output = new ObjectOutputStream(
new FileOutputStream("student.bin"));
output.writeObject(stu4);
output.close();
// 读取对象
ObjectInputStream input = new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream(
"student.bin"));
Student stu5 = (Student) input.readObject();
System.out.println(stu5);
}
}/* Output:
使用new关键字创建对象：
Student [id=123]
---------------------------
使用Class类的newInstance方法创建对象：
Student [id=0]
---------------------------
使用Constructor类的newInstance方法创建对象：
Student [id=123]
---------------------------
使用Clone方法创建对象：
Student [id=123]
---------------------------
使用(反)序列化机制创建对象：
Student [id=123]
*///:~When memory is allocated for these instance variables, these instance variables will also be assigned a default value (zero value). After the memory allocation is completed, the Java virtual machine will begin to initialize the newly created objects according to the programmer's will. In the Java object initialization process, there are mainly three structures involved in executing object initialization, namely instance variable initialization , instance code block initialization and constructor initialization .
1. Instance variable initialization and instance code block initialization
While defining (declaring) instance variables, we can also directly assign values to instance variables or use instances. The code block assigns it a value. If we initialize instance variables in these two ways, they will be initialized before the constructor is executed.In fact, if we assign values directly to instance variables or use instance code blocks to assign values, the compiler will put the code in the constructor of the class, and these codes will be placed in the constructor of the super class. After the call statement (remember? Java requires that the first statement in a constructor must be the call statement of the superclass constructor), but before the code of the constructor itself. For example:
public class InstanceVariableInitializer {
private int i = 1;
private int j = i + 1;
public InstanceVariableInitializer(int var){
System.out.println(i);
System.out.println(j);
this.i = var;
System.out.println(i);
System.out.println(j);
}
{ // 实例代码块
j += 3;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new InstanceVariableInitializer(8);
}
}/* Output:
1
5
8
5
*///:~上面的例子正好印证了上面的结论。特别需要注意的是，Java是按照编程顺序来执行实例变量初始化器和实例初始化器中的代码的，并且不允许顺序靠前的实例代码块初始化在其后面定义的实例变量，比如：
public class InstanceInitializer {
{
j = i;
}
private int i = 1;
private int j;
}
public class InstanceInitializer {
private int j = i;
private int i = 1;
}上面的这些代码都是无法通过编译的，编译器会抱怨说我们使用了一个未经定义的变量。之所以要这么做是为了保证一个变量在被使用之前已经被正确地初始化。但是我们仍然有办法绕过这种检查，比如：
public class InstanceInitializer {
private int j = getI();
private int i = 1;
public InstanceInitializer() {
i = 2;
}
private int getI() {
return i;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
InstanceInitializer ii = new InstanceInitializer();
System.out.println(ii.j);
}
}如果我们执行上面这段代码，那么会发现打印的结果是0。因此我们可以确信，变量j被赋予了i的默认值0，这一动作发生在实例变量i初始化之前和构造函数调用之前。
2、构造函数初始化
我们可以从上文知道，实例变量初始化与实例代码块初始化总是发生在构造函数初始化之前，那么我们下面着重看看构造函数初始化过程。众所周知，每一个Java中的对象都至少会有一个构造函数，如果我们没有显式定义构造函数，那么它将会有一个默认无参的构造函数。在编译生成的字节码中，这些构造函数会被命名成
我们知道，Java要求在实例化类之前，必须先实例化其超类，以保证所创建实例的完整性。事实上，这一点是在构造函数中保证的：Java强制要求Object对象(Object是Java的顶层对象，没有超类)之外的所有对象构造函数的第一条语句必须是超类构造函数的调用语句或者是类中定义的其他的构造函数，如果我们既没有调用其他的构造函数，也没有显式调用超类的构造函数，那么编译器会为我们自动生成一个对超类构造函数的调用，比如：
public class ConstructorExample {
}对于上面代码中定义的类，我们观察编译之后的字节码，我们会发现编译器为我们生成一个构造函数，如下：
aload_0 invokespecial #8; //Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V return
上面代码的第二行就是调用Object类的默认构造函数的指令。也就是说，如果我们显式调用超类的构造函数，那么该调用必须放在构造函数所有代码的最前面，也就是必须是构造函数的第一条指令。正因为如此，Java才可以使得一个对象在初始化之前其所有的超类都被初始化完成，并保证创建一个完整的对象出来。
特别地，如果我们在一个构造函数中调用另外一个构造函数，如下所示，
public class ConstructorExample {
private int i;
ConstructorExample() {
this(1);
....
}
ConstructorExample(int i) {
....
this.i = i;
....
}
}对于这种情况，Java只允许在ConstructorExample(int i)内调用超类的构造函数，也就是说，下面两种情形的代码编译是无法通过的：
public class ConstructorExample {
private int i;
ConstructorExample() {
super();
this(1); // Error:Constructor call must be the first statement in a constructor
....
}
ConstructorExample(int i) {
....
this.i = i;
....
}
}或者，
public class ConstructorExample {
private int i;
ConstructorExample() {
this(1);
super(); //Error: Constructor call must be the first statement in a constructor
....
}
ConstructorExample(int i) {
this.i = i;
}
}Java通过对构造函数作出这种限制以便保证一个类的实例能够在被使用之前正确地初始化。
3、 小结
总而言之，实例化一个类的对象的过程是一个典型的递归过程，如下图所示。进一步地说，在实例化一个类的对象时，具体过程是这样的：
在准备实例化一个类的对象前，首先准备实例化该类的父类，如果该类的父类还有父类，那么准备实例化该类的父类的父类，依次递归直到递归到Object类。此时，首先实例化Object类，再依次对以下各类进行实例化，直到完成对目标类的实例化。具体而言，在实例化每个类时，都遵循如下顺序：先依次执行实例变量初始化和实例代码块初始化，再执行构造函数初始化。也就是说，编译器会将实例变量初始化和实例代码块初始化相关代码放到类的构造函数中去，并且这些代码会被放在对超类构造函数的调用语句之后，构造函数本身的代码之前。
4、实例变量初始化、实例代码块初始化以及构造函数初始化综合实例
//父类
class Foo {
int i = 1;
Foo() {
System.out.println(i); -----------(1)
int x = getValue();
System.out.println(x); -----------(2)
}
{
i = 2;
}
protected int getValue() {
return i;
}
}
//子类
class Bar extends Foo {
int j = 1;
Bar() {
j = 2;
}
{
j = 3;
}
@Override
protected int getValue() {
return j;
}
}
public class ConstructorExample {
public static void main(String... args) {
Bar bar = new Bar();
System.out.println(bar.getValue()); -----------(3)
}
}/* Output:
2
0
2
*///:~根据上文所述的类实例化过程，我们可以将Foo类的构造函数和Bar类的构造函数等价地分别变为如下形式：
//Foo类构造函数的等价变换：
Foo() {
i = 1;
i = 2;
System.out.println(i);
int x = getValue();
System.out.println(x);
}//Bar类构造函数的等价变换
Bar() {
Foo();
j = 1;
j = 3;
j = 2
}这样程序就好看多了，我们一眼就可以观察出程序的输出结果。在通过使用Bar类的构造方法new一个Bar类的实例时，首先会调用Foo类构造函数，因此(1)处输出是2，这从Foo类构造函数的等价变换中可以直接看出。(2)处输出是0，为什么呢？因为在执行Foo的构造函数的过程中，由于Bar重载了Foo中的getValue方法，所以根据Java的多态特性可以知道，其调用的getValue方法是被Bar重载的那个getValue方法。但由于这时Bar的构造函数还没有被执行，因此此时j的值还是默认值0，因此(2)处输出是0。最后，在执行(3)处的代码时，由于bar对象已经创建完成，所以此时再访问j的值时，就得到了其初始化后的值2，这一点可以从Bar类构造函数的等价变换中直接看出。
简单地说，在类加载过程中，准备阶段是正式为类变量(static 成员变量)分配内存并设置类变量初始值（零值）的阶段，而初始化阶段是真正开始执行类中定义的java程序代码(字节码)并按程序猿的意图去初始化类变量的过程。更直接地说，初始化阶段就是执行类构造器
类构造器
注意，这里所谓的实例构造器
1、一个实例变量在对象初始化的过程中会被赋值几次？
我们知道，JVM在为一个对象分配完内存之后，会给每一个实例变量赋予默认值，这个时候实例变量被第一次赋值，这个赋值过程是没有办法避免的。如果我们在声明实例变量x的同时对其进行了赋值操作，那么这个时候，这个实例变量就被第二次赋值了。如果我们在实例代码块中，又对变量x做了初始化操作，那么这个时候，这个实例变量就被第三次赋值了。如果我们在构造函数中，也对变量x做了初始化操作，那么这个时候，变量x就被第四次赋值。也就是说，在Java的对象初始化过程中，一个实例变量最多可以被初始化4次。
2、类的初始化过程与类的实例化过程的异同？
类的初始化是指类加载过程中的初始化阶段对类变量按照程序猿的意图进行赋值的过程；而类的实例化是指在类完全加载到内存中后创建对象的过程。
3、假如一个类还未加载到内存中，那么在创建一个该类的实例时，具体过程是怎样的？
我们知道，要想创建一个类的实例，必须先将该类加载到内存并进行初始化，也就是说，类初始化操作是在类实例化操作之前进行的，但并不意味着：只有类初始化操作结束后才能进行类实例化操作。
public class StaticTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
staticFunction();
}
static StaticTest st = new StaticTest();
static { //静态代码块
System.out.println("1");
}
{ // 实例代码块
System.out.println("2");
}
StaticTest() { // 实例构造器
System.out.println("3");
System.out.println("a=" + a + ",b=" + b);
}
public static void staticFunction() { // 静态方法
System.out.println("4");
}
int a = 110; // 实例变量
static int b = 112; // 静态变量
}/* Output:
2
3
a=110,b=0
1
4
*///:~ 总的来说，类实例化的一般过程是：父类的类构造器
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