In-depth analysis of C++ function templates and class templates

1. Function template

1. Definition

template
Return value type template name (formal parameter list){
Function body
};

template <class T1, class T2>
T2 print(T1 arg1, T2 arg2)
{
    cout<< arg1 << " "<< arg2<<endl;
    return arg2;
}

2. Instantiate function template without parameters

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template <class T>
T Inc(T n){
    return 1 + n;
}
int main(){
    cout << Inc<double>(4)/2; //输出 2.5
    return 0;
}

3. Function templates can be overloaded, as long as their formal parameter lists or type parameter lists are different

template<class T1, class T2>
void print(T1 arg1, T2 arg2) {
    cout<< arg1 << " "<< arg2<<endl;
}
template<class T>
void print(T arg1, T arg2) {
    cout<< arg1 << " "<< arg2<<endl;
}
template<class T,class T2>
void print(T arg1, T arg2) {
    cout<< arg1 << " "<< arg2<<endl;
}

4. The order of function templates and functions

When there are multiple When the function and function template have the same name, the compiler processes a function call statement as follows

• . First, it looks for an ordinary function (a function that is not instantiated from the template) whose parameters match exactly.

• Find a template function with exactly matching parameters.

• Find an ordinary function whose real parameters can be matched after automatic type conversion.

• If none of the above can be found, an error will be reported.

template <class T>
T Max( T a, T b) {
    cout << "TemplateMax" <<endl; return 0;
}
template <class T,class T2>
T Max( T a, T2 b) {
    cout << "TemplateMax2" <<endl; return 0;
}
double Max(double a, double b){
    cout << "MyMax" << endl; return 0;
}
int main() {
    Max( 1.2,3.4);     // 输出MyMax
    Max(4, 5);         //输出TemplateMax
    Max( 1.2, 3);      //输出TemplateMax2
    return 0;
}

5. When matching template functions, automatic type conversion is not performed

template<class T>
T myFunction( T arg1, T arg2)
{ cout<<arg1<<" "<<arg2<<"\n"; return arg1;}
……
myFunction( 5, 7);      //ok ：replace T with int
myFunction( 5.8, 8.4);  //ok： ： replace T with double
myFunction( 5, 8.4);    //error ，no matching function for callto &#39;myFunction(int, double)&#39;

2. Class template

1. Definition

When defining a class, add one/more type parameters. When using class templates, you specify how type parameters should be replaced with specific types, and the compiler generates corresponding template classes accordingly.

template //type parameter list
class class template name{
                                                           };

(1) How to write member functions in class templates:

template //Type parameter table
Return value type class template name ::Member function name (parameter list) {
         …  …
      }
(2) How to define an object using a class template:
Class template name Object name (constructor actual parameter list);

// Pair类模板
template <class T1,class T2>
class Pair{
public:
    T1 key; //关键字
    T2 value; //值
    Pair(T1 k,T2 v):key(k),value(v) { };
    bool operator < ( const Pair<T1,T2> & p) const;
};
template<class T1,class T2>
bool Pair<T1,T2>::operator < ( const Pair<T1,T2> & p) const{  //Pair的成员函数 operator <
    return key < p.key;
}
int main(){
    Pair<string,int> student("Tom",19);   //实例化出一个类 Pair<string,int>
    cout << student.key << " " << student.value;
    return 0;
}
//输出：
Tom 19

2. Use class template to define objects

• The compiler is The process of generating a class from a class template is called instantiation of the class template. A class instantiated from a class template is called a template class.

• Two template classes of the same class template are incompatible.

3. Function template as a class template member

template <class T>
class A{
    public:
        template<class T2>
        void Func( T2 t) { cout << t; } //成员函数模板
};

4. Class template and non-type parameters: The "" of the class template can be Non-type parameters appear

template <class T, int size>
class CArray{
    T array[size];
public:
    void Print(){
        for( int i = 0;i < size; ++i)
        cout << array[i] << endl;
    }
};
CArray<double,40> a2;
CArray<int,50> a3;     //a2和a3属于不同的类

5. Class templates and derivation

(1) Class templates are derived from class templates

template <class T1,class T2>              int main() {
class A {                                        B<int,double> obj1;
    T1 v1; T2 v2;                                C<int> obj2;
};                                               return 0;
template <class T1,class T2>              }
class B:public A<T2,T1> {                 class B<int,double>:
    T1 v3; T2 v4;                             public A<double,int>{
};                                            int v3; double v4;
template <class T>                        };
class C:public B<T,T> {
    T v5;
};

(2) Class templates are derived from template classes

template <class T1,class T2>
class A {
    T1 v1; T2 v2;
};
template <class T>
class B:public A<int,double> {
    T v;
};
int main() {
    B<char> obj1;     //自动生成两个模板类 ：A<int,double> 和 B<char>
    return 0;
}

(3) Class templates are derived from ordinary classes

class A {
    int v1;
};
template <class T>
    class B:public A { //所有从B实例化得到的类 ，都以A为基类
    T v;
};
int main() {
    B<char> obj1;
    return 0;
}

(4) Ordinary classes are derived from template classes

template <class T>
class A {
    T v1;
    int n;
};
class B:public A<int> {
    double v;
};
int main() {
    B obj1;
    return 0;
}

6. Class templates and friend functions

(1 ) Functions, classes, and member functions of classes serve as friends of class templates

void Func1() { }
class A { };
class B{
    public:
        void Func() { }
};
template <class T>
class Tmpl{
    friend void Func1();
    friend class A;
    friend void B::Func();
}; //任何从Tmp1实例化来的类 ，都有以上三个友元

(2) Function templates serve as friends of class templates

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
template <class T1,class T2>
class Pair{
    private:
        T1 key; //关键字
        T2 value; //值
    public:
        Pair(T1 k,T2 v):key(k),value(v) { };
        bool operator < ( const Pair<T1,T2> & p) const;
        template <class T3,class T4>
        friend ostream & operator<< ( ostream & o,const Pair<T3,T4> & p);
};
template <class T1,class T2>
bool Pair<T1,T2>::operator < ( const Pair<T1,T2> & p) const{ //"小"的意思就是关键字小
    return key < p.key;
}
template <class T1,class T2>
ostream & operator<< (ostream & o,const Pair<T1,T2> & p){
    o << "(" << p.key << "," << p.value << ")" ;
    return o;
}
int main()
{
    Pair<string,int> student("Tom",29);
    Pair<int,double> obj(12,3.14);
    cout << student << " " << obj;
    return 0;
}
//输出：
(Tom,29) (12,3.14)
任意从 template <class T1,class T2>
       ostream & operator<< (ostream & o,const Pair<T1,T2> & p)
生成的函数，都是任意Pair摸板类的友元

(3) Function templates serve as friends of classes

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A
{
    int v;
public:
    A(int n):v(n) { }
    template <class T>
    friend void Print(const T & p);
};
template <class T>
void Print(const T & p){
    cout << p.v;
}
int main() {
    A a(4);
    Print(a);
    return 0;
}
//输出：4

(4) Class template as a friend of the class template

template <class T>
class B {
    T v;
public:
    B(T n):v(n) { }
    template <class T2>
    friend class A;
};
template <class T>
class A {
    public:
    void Func( )  {
        B<int> o(10);
        cout << o.v << endl;
    }
};

7. Class template and static member variables

Static members can be defined in the class template, then from the All classes instantiated from a class template contain the same static members.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template <class T>
class A{
    private:
        static int count;
    public:
        A() { count ++; }
        ~A() { count -- ; };
        A( A & ) { count ++ ; }
        static void PrintCount() { cout << count << endl; }
};
template<> int A<int>::count = 0;
template<> int A<double>::count = 0;
int main(){
    A<int> ia;
    A<double> da;
    ia.PrintCount();
    da.PrintCount();
    return 0;
}
//输出：1  1

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