Comparative analysis between css pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements

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Pseudo-class

Pseudo-class is a way to select certain parts of the HTML document. In principle, it is not based on the HTML document tree itself. and its elements, nor based on characteristics such as name, attributes or content, but on other abstract conditions, such as language encoding or the dynamic state of an element.

The original pseudo-class defines the dynamic state of an element that enters and exits over time or through user intervention. CSS2 expanded on this concept to include virtual concepts document components or inferred parts of the document tree, such as first-child. Pseudo classes work just like adding illusion classes to various elements.

Restrictions: Unlike pseudo-elements, pseudo-classes can appear anywhere in the selector chain.

Example pseudo-class code:

a:link /* 选择未访问过的“a”元素*/
{
padding : 4px;
text-decoration : none;
width : 10%;
color : #000000; /* 字体颜色为黑 */
background-color : #99FF99; /* 设置为淡绿色*/
border-top : 2px solid #ccffcc; /* highlight color */
border-left : 2px solid #ccffcc; /* highlight color */
border-bottom : 2px solid #003300; /* shadow color */
border-right : 2px solid #003300; /* shadow color */
}
a:visited /* 这将选择任何已访问其目标的“a”元素。*/
{ padding : 4px;
text-decoration : none;
color : #000000; /* black text color */
background-color : #ccccff; /* set to a lavender */
border-top : 2px solid #ffffff; /* highlight color */
border-left : 2px solid #ffffff; /* highlight color */
border-bottom : 2px solid #333366; /* shadow color *
border-right : 2px solid #333366; /* shadow color */
}
a:hover /* 这将选择处于悬停状态的任何“a”元素。这是指针在元素的渲染区域内移动期间的状态。用户指定元素但不激活它。 */
{
color : #000000; /* black text color */
background-color : #99cc99; /* desaturated color */
border-top : 2px solid #003300; /* shadow color */
border-left : 2px solid #003300; /* shadow color */
border-bottom : 2px solid #ccffcc; /* highlight color */
border-right : 2px solid #ccffcc; /* highlight color */
}
a:focus /* 这将选择当前具有焦点的任何“a”元素。焦点是元素接受键盘输入或其他形式的文本输入的状态。 */
{
padding : 4px;
text-decoration : none;
width : 10%;
color : #000000; /* black text color */
background-color : #ffff99; /* set to a pastel yellow */
border-top : 2px solid #ffffcc; /* highlight color */
border-left : 2px solid #ffffcc; /* highlight color */
border-bottom : 2px solid #666633; /* shadow color */
border-right : 2px solid #666633; /* shadow color */
}
a:active /*这将选择处于激活状态的任何“a”元素。活动是指针激活期间的状态（例如：按下并释放鼠标）在元素的渲染区域内*/
{
padding : 4px;
text-decoration : none;
width : 10%;
color : #000000; /* black text color */
background-color : #ff99ff; /* set to a pink */
border-top : 2px solid #ffccff; /* highlight color */
border-left : 2px solid #ffccff; /* highlight color */
border-bottom : 2px solid #663366; /* shadow color */
border-right : 2px solid #663366; /* shadow color */
}

Pseudo-elements

pseudo-elements are used to process subparts of elements. They allow you to set styles on a portion of an element's content beyond what is specified in the document. In other words, they allow defining logical elements that are not actually in the document element tree. Logical elements allow handling of implicit semantic structures in CSS selectors.

Limitations: Pseudo-elements can only be applied to external and document-level contexts - not inline styles. Pseudo-elements are restricted to where they can appear in a rule. They may only appear at the end of the selector chain (after the selector's subject). They should appear after any class or ID name found in the selector. Only one pseudo-element can be specified per selector. To handle multiple pseudo-elements on a single element structure, multiple style selectors/declaration statements must be created.

Pseudo elements can be used for common typographic effects such as initial caps and drop caps. They can also handle generated content that does not exist in the source document (using "before" and "after") Below is an example stylesheet with some pseudo-elements with attributes and values ​​added.

/* 以下规则选择标题1的第一个字母，并将字体设置为2em，草书，绿色背景。第一个字母选择块级元素的第一个呈现的字母/字符。 */
h1:first-letter {
font-size : 2em;
font-family : "Lucida Handwriting", "Lucida Sans", "Lucida Console", cursive;
background-color : #ccffcc;
}
/* 以下规则选择段落中第一个显示的行并使其变为粗体。第一行选择块级元素的输出设备上的第一个渲染行。 */
p:first-line {
font-weight : bold;
}
/* 以下规则选择在blockquote之前放置的任何内容，并在带有绿色背景的粗体小型大写字母中插入短语“当天的引用：”。 */
blockquote:before {
content : "Quote of the day:";
background-color : #ccffcc;
font-weight : bold;
font-variant : small-caps;
}
/* 以下规则选择放在“q”元素之前的任何内容并插入智能打开引号。 */
q:before {
content : open-quote;
}
/* 以下规则选择放在“q”元素后面的任何内容并插入智能关闭引用。*/
q:after{
content : close-quote;
}

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