Table of Contents
Introduction
Users and User Groups
File attributes
Files in
权限信息
修改文件拥有者和所属用户组
修改文件权限
数字类型改变文件权限
符号类型改变文件权限
权限的作用

Linux file permissions

Jun 19, 2019 pm 04:25 PM
linux File Permissions

Linux file permissions

Introduction

In the learning process of Linux, file permissions are very important concept, after all, various operations in Linux are inseparable from the support of permissions.

This blog is a simple summary of Linux file permissions learning.

Users and User Groups

Linux’s file permissions are the same as Users and User Groups A closely related concept, for a file, users can be divided into three categories:

  • owner of the file - user

  • Other members of user group where the owner of the file belongs - group

  • except Owner and User group Other users other than members - others

File permissions are relative to these three types of users In other words, users with different identities can have different permissions.

File attributes

Use the command ls -l to get detailed information about the file, such as:

drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Sep  7 19:52 dotemacs
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Sep  3 22:34 dotfiles
drwxr-xr-x 9 root root 4096 Sep 11 10:19 emacs-kit
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We can divide each piece of information into 8 parts. For example, the first piece of information above can be divided into:

##File typePermission informationNumber of links OwnerUser groupFile capacityModification dateFile name##5rootrootHere we mainly understand the file type and
d rwxr-xr-x ##4096 ##Sep 7 19:52 dotemacs
permission information

. If you are interested in other parts, you can do it by yourself Google.

File Type

Linux

Files in

5

types, ls -l The first character in each message output by ls -l is used to indicate the file type. Each file type and its characters are represented as:

## represents the characters File Type##dDirectoryFilesSymbolic links, etc.Interface devices available for storageSerial port devices, such as keyboard and mouse wait

权限信息

通过 用户与用户组 概念可以了解到权限是相对于三类用户而言的,因此 ls -l 显示的权限信息也分为三组。

每个文件的 权限信息9 个字符组成,分为三组,分别对应 拥有者, 用户组, 其他人 拥有的权限。

对于权限信息 rwxr-xr-x 来说, 拥有者 的权限为 rwx, 用户组其他人 的权限为 r-x.

每组权限分为: 读权限, 写权限执行权限, 分别由字符 r, w, x 表示。如果不具有相应的权限,就使用字符 - 表示。

因此,权限信息 rwxr-xr-x 可以理解为: 拥有者 具有 , 执行 权限,而 用户组其他人 就只有 执行 的权限。

修改文件拥有者和所属用户组

命令 chownchgrp 可以用于修改文件拥有者和所属用户组,使用方式也很简单:

# 修改文件拥有者
$ chown [-R] 账号名称 文件或目录
$ chown [-R] 账号名称:组名 文件或目录

# 修改文件所属用户组
$ chgrp [-R] 用户组名称 文件或目录
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参数 -R 进行递归的持续变更,即连同次目录下的所有文件都变更。

修改文件权限

命令 chmod 用于修改文件的权限,并提供了两种修改文件权限的方式。

数字类型改变文件权限

我们可以用数字来代表各个权限,各个权限对应的数字为:

r:4
w:2
x:1
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每种身份各自的三个权限分数是需要累加的,例如当权限为 rwxrwx--- 时,对应的分数为:

user   = rwx = 4+2+1 = 7
group  = rwx = 4+2+1 = 7
others = --- = 0+0+0 = 0
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得到的文件权限数字也就为 770, 修改权限时就可以使用这个数字完成:

$ chmod [-R] 770 文件或目录
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很明显,这样修改文件权限是很麻烦的,因此 chmod 提供了另一种更好用的方式来修改文件权限。

符号类型改变文件权限

符号类型改变文件权限需要遵循一定的语法规则,分别需要了解的有 身份表示符, 操作表示符权限表示符.

身份表示符:

-
l
b
#c
表示符 代表的身份
u 文件的拥有者
g 文件的拥有者所在用户组
o 其他人
a 所有用户

操作表示符:

表示符 代表的操作
+ 添加权限
- 去除权限
= 设定权限

权限表示符 就是 r, wx.

从表示符的组成大概也可以猜到怎样修改文件权限了,比如说下面的这条指令让拥有者具有所有权限,而为用户组和其他人添加执行权限:

chmod u=rwx,go+x .vimrc
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需要注意的是: u=rwx,go+x 之间没有空格。

权限的作用

同一个权限对于 文件目录 来说,含义是不一样的,这里来了解一下。

权限 文件 目录
r 可以读取文件内容 可以读取目录结构列表
w 可以编辑修改文件内容 可以改动目录结构列表
x 可以被系统执行 用户可以进入目录 (cd)

这里需要注意的一个权限是: 可以改动目录结构列表, 这意味着可以:

  • 建立新的文件与目录

  • 删除已经存在的文件与目录

  • 将已存在的文件或目录进行更名

  • 搬移该目录内的文件、目录位置

所以 w 这个权限还是慎重使用好了。

更多Linux文章,请访问Linux教程栏目进行学习!

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