In the learning process of Linux
, file permissions are very important concept, after all, various operations in Linux
are inseparable from the support of permissions.
This blog is a simple summary of Linux
file permissions learning.
Linux
’s file permissions are the same as Users and User Groups A closely related concept, for a file, users can be divided into three categories:
owner of the file - user
Other members of user group where the owner of the file belongs - group
except Owner and User group Other users other than members - others
File permissions are relative to these three types of users In other words, users with different identities can have different permissions.
Use the command ls -l
to get detailed information about the file, such as:
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Sep 7 19:52 dotemacs drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Sep 3 22:34 dotfiles drwxr-xr-x 9 root root 4096 Sep 11 10:19 emacs-kit
We can divide each piece of information into 8
parts. For example, the first piece of information above can be divided into:
Permission information | Number of links | Owner | User group | File capacity | Modification date | File name | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
d
|
rwxr-xr-x
| ##5
| root
| root
##4096 |
##Sep 7 19:52 |
dotemacs |
| Here we mainly understand the
. If you are interested in other parts, you can do it by yourself Google.
types, ls -l
The first character in each message output by
ls -l is used to indicate the file type.
Each file type and its characters are represented as:
|
- | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
l | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
b | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
#c | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
表示符 | 代表的身份 |
---|---|
u |
文件的拥有者 |
g |
文件的拥有者所在用户组 |
o |
其他人 |
a |
所有用户 |
操作表示符:
表示符 | 代表的操作 |
---|---|
+ |
添加权限 |
- |
去除权限 |
= |
设定权限 |
权限表示符 就是 r
, w
和 x
.
从表示符的组成大概也可以猜到怎样修改文件权限了,比如说下面的这条指令让拥有者具有所有权限,而为用户组和其他人添加执行权限:
chmod u=rwx,go+x .vimrc
需要注意的是: u=rwx,go+x
之间没有空格。
同一个权限对于 文件 和 目录 来说,含义是不一样的,这里来了解一下。
权限 | 文件 | 目录 |
---|---|---|
r |
可以读取文件内容 | 可以读取目录结构列表 |
w |
可以编辑修改文件内容 | 可以改动目录结构列表 |
x |
可以被系统执行 | 用户可以进入目录 (cd ) |
这里需要注意的一个权限是: 可以改动目录结构列表, 这意味着可以:
建立新的文件与目录
删除已经存在的文件与目录
将已存在的文件或目录进行更名
搬移该目录内的文件、目录位置
所以 w
这个权限还是慎重使用好了。
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