What are the knowledge points about the principles of computer composition?

Overview of knowledge points on the principles of computer composition

--Computer system consists of two major parts: "hardware" and "software" Partially composed.

--Computer software can be divided into two major categories-system software and application software (also known as system programs and application programs).

--Multi-level hierarchical computer system:

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--Characteristics of von Neumann computers:

1. The computer consists of 5 major parts: arithmetic unit, memory, controller, input device and output device.

2. Instructions and data are stored in the memory in the same status and can be accessed by address.

3. Instructions and data are expressed in binary.

4. The instruction consists of an operation code and an address code. The operation code is used to indicate the nature of the operation, and the address code is used to indicate the location of the operand in the memory.

5. Instructions are stored in order in the memory. Usually, instructions are executed sequentially. Under certain conditions, the execution order can be changed according to the operation results or according to the set conditions.

6. The machine is centered on the arithmetic unit, and the data transfer between the input and output devices and the memory is completed through the arithmetic unit (nowadays, computers are mostly memory-centered).

--Basic concepts

Operator: used to complete arithmetic operations and logical operations, and temporarily store the intermediate results of the operations in the arithmetic unit.

Memory: used to store data and programs.

Controller: Used to control and direct the input, operation of programs and data, and process operation results.

Input device: used to convert information forms that people are familiar with into information forms that can be recognized by machines. Common ones include mouse, keyboard, etc.

Output device: It can convert machine operation results into familiar information forms, such as printer output, monitor output, etc.

cpu: operator controller.

I/O device: input device output device.

Modern computers can be considered to be composed of three major parts: CPU, I/O devices, and main memory.

Host: CPU main memory.

External devices: I/O devices.

--Main technical indicators of computer hardware

1. Machine word length: refers to the number of bits of data that the CPU can process at one time, usually related to the number of register bits of the CPU .

2. Storage capacity: The memory capacity should include main memory capacity and auxiliary memory capacity, that is: storage capacity = number of storage units * storage word length.

3. Operation speed: related to many factors.

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