Home Web Front-end JS Tutorial 举例讲解JavaScript中关于对象操作的相关知识_基础知识

举例讲解JavaScript中关于对象操作的相关知识_基础知识

May 16, 2016 pm 03:32 PM
javascript object

从数组到对象

var myarr = ['red','blue','yellow','purple']; 
myarr;// ["red","blue","yellow","purple"] 
myarr[0];//"red" 
myarr[3];//"purple' 
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数组大家都很熟悉吧,我们可以理解为一个Key对应一个Value,而这个Key在数组中,已经默认了(如上述代码,它的key分别是0,1,2,3 value是red,blue,yellow,purple)。
那么一个对象就可以理解为一个自定义Key的数组。看如下代码

var hero ={ 
 breed: 'Turtle', 
 occupation:'Ninja' 
}; 
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上述代码我们可以了解到:
1.对象的名称叫hero.
2.和数组不同的是用符号'{'替代了'['
3.对象的属性(如breed和occupation)用符号','分隔
4.Key和Value的语法是 KEY:VALUE
还有需要注意到是不管属性(也就是key)是放在双引号,单引号,或者是没有引号,他们的结果都是一样的,下面的代码是一样的

var obj={a:1,b:2}; 
var obj={'a':1,'b':2}; 
var obj={"a":1,"b":2}; 
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推荐的写法是不要把属性放在引号中。除非属性的名称是特殊符号,如数字,或者带有空格等等。

本篇很简单,要注意的是,定义数组的符号[] ,而定义对象的符号为{}

元素,属性,方法
学习数组的时候,我们可以说数组里包含了元素,当谈到对象的时候,我们可以改变下说法

var animal={ 
   name: 'dog', 
   run:function(){ 
    alert("running"); 
  } 
} 
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name就是属性(property),run本身是个函数,在这个对象中,我们叫方法(method)。

访问对象的属性
有两种方式访问对象的属性。
用数组的形式如:animal['name']
用点的方式访问:animal.name
第一种访问方法适合任意情况。但是如果属性是无效的命名的话,如上一节所说的属性命名'1name'或者'my name'这种情况用点的方式访问就是错误的。这一点要注意。

下面具体看一个对象访问的例子

var book = { 
  name:'Javascript Fundation', 
  published:jixie. 
  author:{ 
    firstname:'nicholas', 
    lastname:'xia' 
  } 
}; 
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1.获取author对象的firstname属性

book.author.firstname //nicholas
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2.获取author对象的lastname属性,我们尝试用另一个写法

book['author']['lastname'] //xia
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我们也可以用混合的访问方式
book.author['lastname']或者book['author'].lastname 这些方式都是有效的,要灵活去运用

在属性是动态的情况下,一般用数组的访问对象的方法。

var key ='lastname' 
book.author[key];//xia 
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调用对象的方法

var hero = { 
breed: 'Turtle', 
occupation: 'Ninja', 
say: function() { 
return 'I am ' + hero.occupation; 
} 
} 
hero.say(); 
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访问对象的方法很简单,有点就行,不过也可以用数组的方式,看起来比较诡异
如 hero['say']();
不推荐这种写法,访问对象的时候尽量用点的方式。

修改属性和方法
因为Javascript是动态语言,所以在任何时候都可以修改对象的属性和方法。看如下的例子

var hero={}; 
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hero是个空的对象。

typeof hero.breed;//undefined 
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说明了hero对象没有breed的属性
接下来可以添加属性和方法了

hero.breed = 'turtle'; 
hero.name = 'Leonardo'; 
hero.sayName = function() {return hero.name;}; 
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调用方法

 hero.sayName();//Leonardo
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删除属性

delete hero.name;//true 
hero.sayName();//方法失败 

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This

var hero = { 
  name : 'Rafaelo', 
  sayName : function(){ 
   return this.name;   
 } 
} 
hero.sayName();//Rafaelo 
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this的意思就是这个对象的意思,关于this的复杂问题以后在讨论。

构造函数(Constructor Functions)
另一种创建对象的方式是用构造函数,直接看例子

function Hero(){ 
 this.name ='Refaelo'; 
} 
var hero = new Hero();
hero.name;//Refaelo
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这种方式的好处在于创建个对象的时候可以传入参数

function Hero(name){ 
  this.name = name; 
  this.whoAreYou = function(){ 
    return this.name; 
  } 
} 
 
var hi = new Hero('nicholas'); 
hi.whoAreYou();//nicholas 
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要注意的时候,不要丢点 new 操作符。。。
全局对象
上几节我们说过全局变量的事情,已经说过了我们要尽量避免使用全局变量,当我们学过对象的时候,我们在看看全局变量究竟怎么回事,其实全局变量就是全局对象一个属性了。如果主机的环境是web浏览器,全局变量就是window。
如果我们定义 var a = 1;
我们可以这么理解:
一个全局变量a,
做为window的一个属性a.我们可以这么调用window.a或者window['a']
再看看预定义函数的parseInt('123 m');我们可以写为window.parseInt('123 m');

constructor 属性
对象建立之后,后台有创建了个隐藏属性,constructor.

h2.constructor;//Hero(name)
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因为constructor的属性是对函数的引用。如果你不关心h2对象是由什么创建的,而只关心创建一个新的对象和h2相似就用如下写法

var h3 = h2.constructor('Nicholas'); 
h3.name ;//Nicholas 
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我们来看看如下写法的意思

var o = {}; 
o.constructor;//Object() 
typeof o.constructor;//"functions" 
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其实就是隐藏了 new Object() ,更深的层次应用以后几个教程在说明。

instanceof 操作符
用instanceof来判断对象是否是指定的构造函数创建的。

function Hero(){ 
} 
var h = new Hero(); 
var o = {}; 
h instanceof Hero;//true 
h instanceof Object;//false 
o instanceof Object;//true 
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要注意的是instanceof 后面的是个引用 不是个函数 如错误写法 h instanceof Hero();//错误

函数返回对象
可以用构造函数来创建个对象,也可以通过普通函数返回对象来创建对象

function factory(name){ 
  return { 
   name:name 
 }; 
} 
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用这个方法创建对象

var o = factory('one'); 
o.name
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让我们接下来看看比较少见的构造函数返回对象的例子

function C(){ 
 this.a = 1; 
 return {b:2}; 
} 
 
var c2 = new C(); 
typeof c2.a //undefined 
c2.b; // 2 
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说明了 并不返回this了 而是返回了对象{b:2}。。这点要注意

传递对象
如果传递一个对象到函数里,那么传递的是个引用。如果改变了这个引用,也就会改变原始的对象。
下面是个对象赋值的例子

var original = {name:'nicholas'}; 
var copy =original; 
copy.name;//'nicholas'; 
copy.name = 'Jason'; 
original.name;// 'Jason'; 
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修改了copy的属性name 也就等于修改了original的属性name
对象传参到函数中,也是同样的。

function modify(o){ 
  o.name ='Jason' 
} 
var original={name:'nicholas'}; 
modify(original); 
original.name;//Jason 
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对象的比较
两个对象的比较如果是true的话,那么他们就是同一个对象的引用。

var fido ={breed:'dog'}; 
var benji ={breed:'dog'}; 
 
benji===fido; //false; 
benji==fido; //false; 
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 以上的代码都不是同一引用,所以都是false

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