In-depth understanding of XOR operator in java

Among the bit operators in Java, there is an operator called exclusive or. The symbol is (^) or If 1

int a=1;
int b=1;
System.out.println(a^b);

is different, 0

int a=12;
int b=0;
System.out.println(a^b);

will be output here. 12

Summary: The same two numbers will output 0, which is false, and the other number is 0, then Output itself, and the following will demonstrate two different numbers for you

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Operation rules

The operation rule is: in the same bit of two binary operands

For example: a=7; b=4;

a=0111; b=0100; (because int occupies 32 bits, the first digits are all 0, so only the last 4 digits are displayed)

a^b=?

Get a^b =3

The following will explain in detail how to exchange the values ​​​​in the two attributes without using a third party

What we want to achieve is a=4; b=7;

The formula is a=a^b;

b=a^b;

a=a^b;
First step analysis:

The value after the first step is: a=3; b=7;

The second step: b=a^b;

Value after the second step: a=3; b=4;

The third step: a=a^b;

The value after the three steps: a=7; b=4;

The XOR operation has three characteristics. One is that 0 is XORed with a number or itself, and 0 is XORed with itself. , the XOR operation also satisfies the exchange rate.

Use the characteristics of a^a=0 to implement this function. Find the odd number of occurrences in an array, which can also be understood as the one occurrence;

The code is directly entered here;

private static void ddd() {
		int a[] = { 22, 38, 38,5, 22, 4, 4, 11, 11 };
		int t = 0;
		for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) {
			t ^= a[i];
		}
		System.out.println(t);
	}

This will directly output 5

The following is some basic knowledge of XOR, if you are interested, you can study it;

1. a ^ b = b ^ a

2. a ^ b ^ c = a ^ (b ^ c) = (a ^ b) ^ c;

3. d = a ^ b ^ c can be deduced that a = d ^ b ^ c.

4. a ^ b ^ a = b.

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