What is the reason for garbled reading and writing of IO streams in Java?

Why may garbled characters occur when reading and writing IO streams? ? what is the reason?

1. The encoding and decoding rules are inconsistent

2. This character encoding does not support a certain language (ex: Chinese)

What should we do? How to avoid garbled characters as much as possible? ?

1. Encoding: String ---> byte[]

There are corresponding methods in String:

①: byte[] getBytes(): Encode this String into a byte sequence using the platform's default character set

②: byte[] getBytes(Charset charset): Use the specified character encoding to encode the string

③: byte[] getBytes(String charsetName): Use the specified character encoding to encode the string

2. Decoding: byte[] ---> String

There is a corresponding construction method in String:

①: String(byte[] bytes): Decode the specified byte array by using the platform's default character set

②: String(byte[] bytes, Charset charset): Use the specified character set To decode the specified byte array

③：String(byte[] bytes, String charsetName): Use the specified character set to decode the specified byte array

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