What is the tcp/ip reference model a model used to describe?

The TCP/IP reference model is a network model used to describe the Internet architecture.

TCP/IP is a set of communication protocols used to implement network interconnection. The Internet network architecture is based on TCP/IP. The reference model based on TCP/IP divides the protocol into four layers: network access layer, Internet layer (host to host), transport layer, and application layer.

1. Application layer

The application layer corresponds to the upper layer of the OSI reference model and provides users with various services required, such as: FTP, Telnet, DNS, SMTP, etc.

2. Transport layer

The transport layer corresponds to the transport layer of the OSI reference model, providing end-to-end communication functions for application layer entities, ensuring the sequential transmission of data packets and data integrity. This layer defines two main protocols: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

TCP protocol provides a reliable data connection through a "three-way handshake" Transmission service; while the UDP protocol provides a connectionless data transmission service that is not guaranteed to be reliable (not unreliable).

3. Internet layer

The Internet layer corresponds to The network layer of the OSI reference model mainly solves host-to-host communication problems. It contains protocols designed for the logical transmission of data packets throughout the network. It focuses on reassigning an IP address to the host to complete the addressing of the host. It is also responsible for routing data packets in various networks. There are three main protocols in this layer: Internet Protocol (IP), Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP), and Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP).

The IP protocol is the most important protocol in the Internet layer. It provides a reliable, connectionless datagram delivery service.

4. Network access layer (i.e. host-network layer)

The network access layer corresponds to the physical layer and data link layer in the OSI reference model. It is responsible for monitoring the exchange of data between the host and the network. In fact, TCP/IP itself does not define the protocol of this layer. Instead, each network participating in the interconnection uses its own physical layer and data link layer protocols, and then connects to the network access layer of TCP/IP. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) works at this layer, the data link layer of the OSI reference model.

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