Let's talk about Python's two-way queue
Python教程今天介绍双向队列。
虽然可以使用 Python 列表的 .append 和 .pop 方法模拟栈或者队列,但删除列表的第一个元素或者在第一个元素之前添加一个新元素,都非常耗时。因为需要把列表中的所有元素向后移动。
Python 的双向队列使用 collections.deque 类来实现。它是一个线程安全且可以快速从两端添加或者删除元素的类。
deque /dɛk/
也可以利用 collections.deque 类来实现缓存。首先先指定缓存队列的大小,然后从队首删除过期元素和在队尾添加新元素。
Luciano Ramalho 举了一个示例来说明双向队列的基本用法。
from collections import deque dq = deque(range(10), maxlen=10) logging.info('dq -> %s', dq) dq.rotate(3) logging.info('dq -> %s', dq) dq.rotate(-4) logging.info('dq -> %s', dq) dq.extend([11, 22, 33]) logging.info('dq -> %s', dq) dq.extendleft([10, 20, 30, 40]) logging.info('dq -> %s', dq)复制代码
运行结果:
INFO - dq -> deque([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], maxlen=10) INFO - dq -> deque([7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], maxlen=10) INFO - dq -> deque([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0], maxlen=10) INFO - dq -> deque([4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 11, 22, 33], maxlen=10) INFO - dq -> deque([40, 30, 20, 10, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], maxlen=10)复制代码
- maxlen 是 deque 的可选参数,用于指定队列容量,即可以放多少个元素。
- rotate() 方法可以旋转队列。它有一个入参 n ,当 n >0时,队列从最右边开始的 n 个元素会被移动到左边。当 n <0时,队列从最左边开始的 n 个元素会被移动到右边。
- extend() 方法可以为队列添加新元素,它接受一个列表作为入参,会把列表中的所有元素添加到队列中。新的元素放置在队列右边。
- 如果在添加新元素时发现队列已满,这时就会自动删除队首的元素。
- extendleft(iter) 方法是把新增的元素放置在队列左边。其它特性与 extend() 方法相同。
双向队列也不是完美的,如果从队列中间位置删除元素就比较慢,因为它只针对队列的头尾操作做了优化。
相关免费学习推荐:python教程(视频)
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