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what is dockerfile

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Release: 2020-10-29 16:17:24
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Dockerfile is: 1. A text document containing commands for combining images; 2. Any command can be called on the command line; 3. Docker automatically generates images by reading the instructions in the Dockerfile.

what is dockerfile

What is a dockerfile?

A Dockerfile is a text document that contains commands for assembling an image. Any command can be called from the command line. Docker automatically generates images by reading the instructions in the Dockerfile.

The docker build command is used to build an image from a Dockerfile. You can use the -f flag with the docker build command to point to the Dockerfile anywhere in the file system.

Example:

docker build -f /path/to/a/Dockerfile
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Basic structure of Dockerfile

Dockerfile is generally divided into four parts: basic image information, maintainer information, image Operation instructions and execution instructions when the container is started, '#' is a comment in the Dockerfile.

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Dockerfile file description

Docker runs the instructions of the Dockerfile in order from top to bottom. In order to specify a base image, the first instruction must be FROM. A statement starting with the # character is treated as a comment. You can use RUN, CMD, FROM, EXPOSE, ENV and other instructions in Docker files.

Some commonly used instructions are listed here.

FROM: Specify the base image, must be the first command

格式:
  FROM <image>
  FROM <image>:<tag>
  FROM <image>@<digest>
示例:
  FROM mysql:5.6
注:
  tag或digest是可选的,如果不使用这两个值时,会使用latest版本的基础镜像
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MAINTAINER: Maintainer information

格式:
    MAINTAINER <name>
示例:
    MAINTAINER Jasper Xu
    MAINTAINER sorex@163.com
    MAINTAINER Jasper Xu <sorex@163.com>
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RUN: Command executed when building the image

RUN用于在镜像容器中执行命令,其有以下两种命令执行方式:
shell执行
格式:
    RUN <command>
exec执行
格式:
    RUN ["executable", "param1", "param2"]
示例:
    RUN ["executable", "param1", "param2"]
    RUN apk update
    RUN ["/etc/execfile", "arg1", "arg1"]
注:
  RUN指令创建的中间镜像会被缓存,并会在下次构建中使用。如果不想使用这些缓存镜像,可以在构建时指定--no-cache参数,如:docker build --no-cache
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ADD: Add local files to the container, tar type files will be automatically decompressed (network compressed resources will not be decompressed), you can Access network resources, similar to wget

格式:
    ADD <src>... <dest>
    ADD ["<src>",... "<dest>"] 用于支持包含空格的路径
示例:
    ADD hom* /mydir/          # 添加所有以"hom"开头的文件
    ADD hom?.txt /mydir/      # ? 替代一个单字符,例如:"home.txt"
    ADD test relativeDir/     # 添加 "test" 到 `WORKDIR`/relativeDir/
    ADD test /absoluteDir/    # 添加 "test" 到 /absoluteDir/
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COPY: The function is similar to ADD, but it will not automatically decompress files and cannot access network resources.

CMD: Called after building the container , that is, it is called only when the container starts.

格式:
    CMD ["executable","param1","param2"] (执行可执行文件,优先)
    CMD ["param1","param2"] (设置了ENTRYPOINT,则直接调用ENTRYPOINT添加参数)
    CMD command param1 param2 (执行shell内部命令)
示例:
    CMD echo "This is a test." | wc -
    CMD ["/usr/bin/wc","--help"]
注:
   CMD不同于RUN,CMD用于指定在容器启动时所要执行的命令,而RUN用于指定镜像构建时所要执行的命令。
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ENTRYPOINT: Configure the container to make it executable. With CMD, "application" can be omitted and only parameters are used.

格式:
    ENTRYPOINT ["executable", "param1", "param2"] (可执行文件, 优先)
    ENTRYPOINT command param1 param2 (shell内部命令)
示例:
    FROM ubuntu
    ENTRYPOINT ["top", "-b"]
    CMD ["-c"]
注:
   ENTRYPOINT与CMD非常类似,不同的是通过docker run执行的命令不会覆盖ENTRYPOINT,而docker run命令中指定的任何参数,都会被当做参数再次传递给ENTRYPOINT。Dockerfile中只允许有一个ENTRYPOINT命令,多指定时会覆盖前面的设置,而只执行最后的ENTRYPOINT指令。
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LABEL: Used to add metadata to the image

格式:
    LABEL <key>=<value> <key>=<value> <key>=<value> ...
示例:
  LABEL version="1.0" description="这是一个Web服务器" by="IT笔录"
注:
  使用LABEL指定元数据时,一条LABEL指定可以指定一或多条元数据,指定多条元数据时不同元数据之间通过空格分隔。推荐将所有的元数据通过一条LABEL指令指定,以免生成过多的中间镜像。
ENV:设置环境变量
格式:
    ENV <key> <value>  #<key>之后的所有内容均会被视为其<value>的组成部分,因此,一次只能设置一个变量
    ENV <key>=<value> ...  #可以设置多个变量,每个变量为一个"<key>=<value>"的键值对,如果<key>中包含空格,可以使用\来进行转义,也可以通过""来进行标示;另外,反斜线也可以用于续行
示例:
    ENV myName John Doe
    ENV myDog Rex The Dog
    ENV myCat=fluffy
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EXPOSE: Specify the port for external interaction

格式:
    EXPOSE <port> [<port>...]
示例:
    EXPOSE 80 443
    EXPOSE 8080
    EXPOSE 11211/tcp 11211/udp
注:
  EXPOSE并不会让容器的端口访问到主机。要使其可访问,需要在docker run运行容器时通过-p来发布这些端口,或通过-P参数来发布EXPOSE导出的所有端口
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VOLUME: Used to specify the persistence directory

格式:
    VOLUME ["/path/to/dir"]
示例:
    VOLUME ["/data"]
    VOLUME ["/var/www", "/var/log/apache2", "/etc/apache2"
注:
  一个卷可以存在于一个或多个容器的指定目录,该目录可以绕过联合文件系统,并具有以下功能:
1 卷可以容器间共享和重用
2 容器并不一定要和其它容器共享卷
3 修改卷后会立即生效
4 对卷的修改不会对镜像产生影响
5 卷会一直存在,直到没有任何容器在使用它
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WORKDIR: Working directory, similar to the cd command

格式:
    WORKDIR /path/to/workdir
示例:
    WORKDIR /a  (这时工作目录为/a)
    WORKDIR b  (这时工作目录为/a/b)
    WORKDIR c  (这时工作目录为/a/b/c)
注:
  通过WORKDIR设置工作目录后,Dockerfile中其后的命令RUN、CMD、ENTRYPOINT、ADD、COPY等命令都会在该目录下执行。在使用docker run运行容器时,可以通过-w参数覆盖构建时所设置的工作目录。
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USER: Specify the user name or UID when running the container, subsequent RUN will also use the specified user. When using USER to specify a user, you can use the username, UID or GID, or a combination of both. When the service does not require administrator rights, you can specify the running user through this command. And you can create the required user before

 格式:
  USER user
  USER user:group
  USER uid
  USER uid:gid
  USER user:gid
  USER uid:group
 示例:
  USER www
 注:
  使用USER指定用户后,Dockerfile中其后的命令RUN、CMD、ENTRYPOINT都将使用该用户。镜像构建完成后,通过docker run运行容器时,可以通过-u参数来覆盖所指定的用户。
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ARG: used to specify the variables passed to the build runtime

格式:
    ARG <name>[=<default value>]
示例:
    ARG site
    ARG build_user=www
ONBUILD:用于设置镜像触发器
格式:
  ONBUILD [INSTRUCTION]
示例:
  ONBUILD ADD . /app/src
  ONBUILD RUN /usr/local/bin/python-build --dir /app/src
注:
  当所构建的镜像被用做其它镜像的基础镜像,该镜像中的触发器将会被钥触发
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The following is a small example:

# This my first nginx Dockerfile
# Version 1.0
# Base images 基础镜像
FROM centos
#MAINTAINER 维护者信息
MAINTAINER tianfeiyu 
#ENV 设置环境变量
ENV PATH /usr/local/nginx/sbin:$PATH
#ADD  文件放在当前目录下,拷过去会自动解压
ADD nginx-1.8.0.tar.gz /usr/local/  
ADD epel-release-latest-7.noarch.rpm /usr/local/  
#RUN 执行以下命令 
RUN rpm -ivh /usr/local/epel-release-latest-7.noarch.rpm
RUN yum install -y wget lftp gcc gcc-c++ make openssl-devel pcre-devel pcre && yum clean all
RUN useradd -s /sbin/nologin -M www
#WORKDIR 相当于cd
WORKDIR /usr/local/nginx-1.8.0 
RUN ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --user=www --group=www --with-http_ssl_module --with-pcre && make && make install
RUN echo "daemon off;" >> /etc/nginx.conf
#EXPOSE 映射端口
EXPOSE 80
#CMD 运行以下命令
CMD ["nginx"]
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