What components does a complete microcomputer system consist of?
A complete microcomputer system is composed of two parts: a hardware system and a software system. Among them, the hardware system part consists of central processor, memory, input devices, and output devices; the software system part consists of system software (operating system, programming language, database management system, networking and network management system software) and application software.
A complete microcomputer system consists of two parts: a hardware system and a software system.
Hardware part
1. Central processing unit
CPU production On an integrated circuit chip, also called a microprocessor. Computers use a central processing unit to process data and a memory to store data. CPU is the core of computer hardware, which mainly includes two parts: arithmetic unit and controller, which control the work of the entire computer system. Computer performance mainly depends on the performance of the CPU.
The arithmetic unit is also called the arithmetic logic unit. During operation, the controller retrieves data from the memory, the arithmetic unit performs arithmetic operations or logical operations, and sends the processed results back to the memory.
The main function of the controller is to enable the entire computer to run automatically. When executing the program, the controller retrieves the corresponding instruction data from the main memory, then sends the control signals required for the instructions to other functional components, completes the corresponding operations, and then retrieves the next instruction from the main memory for execution. This cycle continues until the program Finish.
2. Memory
Memory is the memory storage component in the computer. Memory can both accept and save data and provide data to other components. Memory is divided into two categories: memory and external memory. In computer systems, it is customary to collectively refer to memory and CPU as the host.
(1) Memory
Internal memory is divided into three categories: random read/write memory, read-only memory and cache memory. Memory generally refers to RAM.
(2) External storage
External storage mainly includes hard disk, optical disk, U disk and mobile hard disk, etc.
3. Input devices
Input devices mainly include keyboard, mouse, etc.
(1) Keyboard The keyboard is the standard input device of the computer. Various instructions, programs, data, etc. can be input to the computer through the keyboard.
(2) Mouse The mouse is the standard input device of a microcomputer. The mouse can be used to conveniently perform visual operations on icons and menus in the graphical interface. Currently, the second generation optical mouse used on microcomputers mainly uses a plug-and-play USB interface.
4. Output devices
Output devices mainly include monitors and printers.
(1) Monitor
The monitor is a necessary "soft copy" output device for microcomputers. The more common ones are cathode ray tube monitors and liquid crystal monitors.
(2) Printer
The printer is a commonly used "hard copy" output device for microcomputers. The image output on the monitor can only be viewed at that time. In order to save the image for a long time, you need to use a printer to output it.
Software part
Hardware is the foundation of the computer, and software is the soul of the computer. Only after the software is installed on the computer hardware system can it play its due role. Computers can do a variety of different jobs using different software. A computer equipped with software becomes a complete computer system.
A sequence of instructions compiled for a computer to meet a certain need becomes a program. Programs together with relevant documentation constitute software. The software of microcomputer systems is divided into two categories, namely system software and application software. System software supports machine operation, and application software meets business needs.
1. System software
System software refers to the basic software provided by the computer manufacturer or a "third party" to manage the hardware of the computer system and support the operation of application software. Software, the most commonly used ones include operating systems, programming languages, database management systems, networking and communication software, etc.
(1) Operating system
The operating system is the most basic and important system software of the microcomputer. It is responsible for managing various hardware resources of the computer system (such as CPU, memory space, disk space, external devices, etc.), and is responsible for converting the user's management commands for the machine into actual operations inside the machine. For example, WIndowsXP, Windows2000, etc.
(2) Programming language
Computer language is divided into machine language, assembly language and high-level language. The computing efficiency of machine language is the highest among all languages; assembly language is a "machine-oriented" language; high-level language cannot directly control various operations of the computer. The target program generated by the compiler is often large and difficult to optimize, so the running speed slower.
(3) Database management system
The database management system is a system software installed on the operating system for unified management of data. It is mainly used to establish, use and maintain databases. The more famous database management systems on microcomputers include Access, Oracle, SQL server, Sybase, etc. Access is a small database management system suitable for general business activities, while SQL Server is a large database management system suitable for business applications of small and medium-sized enterprises.
(4) Networking and network management system software
The information resources on the network are much richer than those on a single computer, so there is software specifically designed for networking and network management systems. For example, the famous network operating systems NetWare, UNIX, Linux, Windows NT, etc.
2. Application software
Application software refers to a collection of programs designed to solve certain types of problems using computers in addition to system software, mainly including information management software , auxiliary design software, real-time control software, etc.
(1) Office software
A very important job of microcomputers is daily office work. Office2003 office software developed by Microsoft includes WOrd word processing software, spreadsheet Excel, presentation PowerPoint and database Management system Access and other components. Used together, these components can basically meet your daily office needs.
(2) Tool software
Commonly used tool software include compression/decompression tools, anti-virus tools, download tools, data backup and recovery tools, multimedia playback tools, and network chat tools, etc. For example, Winrar, Winzip, Rising, Ghost, Thunder, QQ, etc.
(3) Information management software
Information management software is used to input, store, modify, and retrieve information, such as salary management software, personnel management software, warehouse management software, etc. This kind of software generally requires a database management system for back-end support, and uses a visual high-level language for front-end development to form a client/server or browser/server architecture, referred to as MIS.
(4) Assisted design software
Auxiliary design software is used to efficiently draw and modify engineering drawings, perform routine calculations in design, and help users find good design solutions, such as two-dimensional drawings Design, three-dimensional geometric modeling design, etc. This kind of software generally requires the support of AutoCAD, programming language, database management system, etc.
(5) Real-time control software
Implementation control software is used to obtain the operating status information of production devices, aircraft, etc. at any time, and based on this, implement automatic or semi-automatic operations according to a predetermined plan control. This kind of software requires assembly language or C language support.
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