What mainly determines the performance of a microcomputer?

The main thing that determines the performance of a microcomputer is the "CPU". To measure the performance of a computer, common technical indicators can be used to evaluate it, such as number of bits, speed, capacity, bandwidth, etc. Among them, the component that mainly determines the performance of a microcomputer is the microprocessor (CPU). Microcomputer is a bare metal based on CPU, equipped with internal memory, input and output interface circuits and corresponding auxiliary circuits.

#The operating environment of this article: Windows 7 system, Dell G3 computer.

The main determinant of microcomputer performance is the microprocessor (CPU).

Microcomputers are referred to as "microcomputers" and "microcomputers". Because they have certain functions of the human brain, they are also called "microcomputers". Microcomputer is a small electronic computer composed of large-scale integrated circuits. It is a bare metal based on a microprocessor (CPU), equipped with internal memory, input and output (I/0) interface circuits and corresponding auxiliary circuits. Computer performance mainly depends on the performance of the CPU.

The microprocessor can complete operations such as fetching instructions, executing instructions, and exchanging information with external memory and logic components. It is the computing control part of the microcomputer. It can be combined with memory and peripheral circuit chips to form a microcomputer.

Classification of microprocessors:

According to the application fields of microprocessors, microprocessors can be roughly divided into three categories: general-purpose high-performance microprocessors, embedded Microprocessors and digital signal processors, microcontrollers. Generally speaking, general-purpose processors pursue high performance and are used to run general-purpose software and are equipped with complete and complex operating systems; embedded microprocessors emphasize high performance in handling specific application problems and are mainly used to run special programs for specific fields. Equipped with a lightweight operating system, it is mainly used in consumer appliances such as cellular phones and CD players. Microcontrollers are relatively low-priced and have the largest demand in the microprocessor market. They are mainly used in automobiles, air conditioners, automatic machinery and other fields. automatic control equipment.

CPU is the abbreviation of Central Processing Unit (Central Microprocessor). It is the most important part of the computer and consists of arithmetic units and controllers. If a computer is compared to a human being, then the CPU is the human brain. CPUs have developed very rapidly. It only took twenty-one years for personal computers to develop from the 8088 (XT) to the Pentium 4 era.

Composition of microprocessor:

The microprocessor consists of an arithmetic logic unit (ALU, Arithmetic Logical Unit); an accumulator and a general-purpose register group; a program counter (also (called instruction indicator); timing and control logic components; data and address latches/buffers; internal bus components. The operator and controller are its main components.

Arithmetic logic unit

The arithmetic logic unit ALU mainly completes arithmetic operations (, -, ×, ÷, comparison) and various logical operations (AND, OR, NOT, XOR, shift ) and other operations. ALU is a combinational circuit and does not have the function of registering operands. Therefore, it must have two registers to store operands: temporary register TMP and accumulator AC. The accumulator not only provides operands to ALU but also receives the operation results of ALU.

Memory

The memory of a microcomputer is used to store programs and data that are currently in use or frequently used. Memories are divided into random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM) based on read and write methods. RAM is also called read/write memory. During work, the CPU can read or write its contents at any time as needed. RAM is volatile memory, that is, its contents will be lost when the power is turned off, so it can only store temporary programs and data. The contents of ROM can only be read but not written. The information stored in the ROM remains unchanged after the power is turned off. It is a non-volatile memory. Therefore, ROM is often used to store permanent programs and data. Such as initial boot program, monitoring program, basic input and output management program BIOS in the operating system, etc.

I/O interface

The input/output interface circuit is an important component of the microcomputer. It is a logic control circuit that connects the microcomputer to external input and output devices and various control objects and exchanges information with the outside world. Since peripherals have different structures, working speeds, signal forms, and data formats, they cannot be directly connected to the system bus. Input/output interface circuits must be used for intermediate conversion to achieve information exchange with the CPU. . The I/O interface is also called an I/O adapter, and different peripherals must be equipped with different I/O adapters. I/O interface circuit is an indispensable and important part of microcomputer application system. The development and design of any microcomputer application system is actually mainly the development and design of I/O interfaces.

bus

The bus is a common channel for transmitting information between components in the computer system and is an important component of the microcomputer. It consists of several communication lines and various three-state gate devices for driving and isolation. The structure of microcomputers always adopts a bus structure, that is, the functional components that constitute the microcomputer (microprocessor, memory, I/O interface circuit, etc.) are connected through a bus. This is a unique structure of microcomputer systems. at. After adopting the bus structure, the mutual relationship between the functional components in the system is transformed into a single relationship between each component facing the bus. As long as a component (functional board/card) conforms to the bus standard, it can be connected to the system using this bus standard. , thus making it easy to expand or update system functions, simple structure, and greatly improved reliability.

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