What are the main factors that affect computer speed?

The main factors that affect the running speed of a computer are the main frequency of the central processor and the access cycle of the memory. The main frequency is the clock frequency of the CPU. The computer's operations are distributed and executed under the control of the clock signal, and each clock signal cycle completes one operation. The main frequency reflects the speed of the CPU to a large extent.

#The operating environment of this article: Windows 7 system, Dell G3 computer.

The main factors that affect the computing speed of a computer are the main frequency of the central processor and the access cycle of the memory.

The main frequency is the clock frequency of the CPU. The operation of the computer is executed step by step under the control of the clock signal. Each clock signal cycle completes one step of the operation. The level of the clock frequency reflects the speed of the CPU to a large extent. speed.

There is a certain relationship between the main frequency and the actual computing speed, but it is not a simple linear relationship. The main frequency indicates the speed at which the digital pulse signal oscillates in the CPU. The computing speed of the CPU also depends on various performance indicators such as the CPU's pipeline and bus. In other words, the main frequency is only one aspect of CPU performance and does not represent the overall performance of the CPU.

The time required for a memory to perform a "read" or "write" operation is called the access time (or read and write time) of the memory, and two independent "read" or "write" operations are started consecutively ( The shortest time required for two consecutive "read" operations) is called the access cycle (or storage cycle).

Related expansion:

CPU appeared in the era of large-scale integrated circuits. The iterative updates of processor architecture design and the continuous improvement of integrated circuit technology have prompted its continuous development and improvement. From being initially dedicated to mathematical calculations to being widely used in general computing, from 4-bit to 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit processors, and finally to 64-bit processors, from the incompatibility of various manufacturers to the emergence of different instruction set architecture specifications, CPUs have been developing rapidly since their inception.

CPU development has a history of more than 40 years. We usually divide it into six stages.

(1) The first stage (1971-1973). This is the era of 4-bit and 8-bit low-end microprocessors, and the representative product is the Intel 4004 processor.

In 1971, the 4004 microprocessor produced by Intel integrated the arithmetic unit and the controller on one chip, marking the birth of the CPU; in 1978, the emergence of the 8086 processor laid the foundation for the X86 instruction set architecture. Subsequently The 8086 series processors are widely used in personal computer terminals, high-performance servers and cloud servers.

(2) The second stage (1974-1977). This is the era of 8-bit mid-to-high-end microprocessors, and the representative product is Intel 8080. At this time, the command system has been relatively complete.

(3) The third stage (1978-1984). This was the era of 16-bit microprocessors, and the representative product was the Intel 8086. Relatively speaking, it is relatively mature.

(4) The fourth stage (1985-1992). This is the era of 32-bit microprocessors, and the representative product is Intel 80386. It is already capable of multi-tasking and multi-user operations.

The 80486 processor released in 1989 implemented a 5-level scalar pipeline, marking the initial maturity of the CPU and the end of the development stage of traditional processors.

(5) The fifth stage (1993-2005). This was the era of the Pentium family of microprocessors.

In November 1995, Intel released the Pentium processor, which for the first time adopted a superscalar instruction pipeline structure and introduced out-of-order execution of instructions and branch prediction technology, which greatly improved the performance of the processor. Therefore , the superscalar instruction pipeline structure has been adopted by subsequent modern processors, such as AMD (Advanced Micro devices)'s Ryzen and Intel's Core series.

(6) The sixth stage (after 2005). Processors are gradually developing towards more cores and higher parallelism. Typical representatives include Intel's Core series processors and AMD's Ryzen series processors.

In order to meet the upper-layer work requirements of the operating system, modern processors have further introduced functions such as parallelization, multi-core, virtualization and remote management systems, which continue to promote the development of upper-layer information systems.

(Operating system knowledge sharing: windows)

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