Python explains the os module and shutil module in detail

Article directory

• File processing
• • Get system type
  • Get the system environment
  • Execute system commands
  • Operation directories and files
• Advanced processing of files and directories
• • Copy files
  • Move files
  • Read compressed and archive compressed files
  • Unzip files
• Summary

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os module and shutil module are Python processing files / directory's primary mode. The os module provides a convenient way to use operating system-related functions, and the shutil module is an advanced file/directory operation tool.

File processing

os The module provides some convenient functions to use operating system resources, such as reading files in the resource directory files, view all contents of files under a certain path on the command line, etc.

Get the system type

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When developing code compatibility to adapt to different operating systems, it can be easily solved by judging the operating system type.

import osimport sysprint(os.name)  # 返回nt代表Windows,posix代表Linuxprint(sys.platform)  # 更详细信息

Get the system environment

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When setting environment variables, the module environ is often called Module. os.environ returns system environment variables in the form of a dictionary. To obtain specific attribute values, you can use the index or the method getenv():

import osprint(os.environ)print(os.environ['PATH'])print(os.getenv('PATH'))

Execute system commands

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Use the os modulesystem()method to execute shell commands, normal execution will return 0. The usage format is os.system("bash command").

When writing in non-console mode, system() will only call the system command but not execute it. The execution result can be returned through the popen() function The file object is read and obtained.

import os
os.system('ping www.baidu.com')os.popen('ping www.baidu.com').read()

Operation directories and files

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One of the most common functions of Python development when using the os module to operate directories and files one.

##os.chdir('target path')Change the current script directoryos.listdir(path)List all files in the directoryos.mkdir(path)Create a single directory##os.makedirs(path)os.rmdir(path)os.removedirs( path)##os.rename("File or directory name", "Target name")Rename the directory or FileGet the absolute pathDecompose the path into (folder, file name)If the last character of the path string is \, then only the file The folder part has a value; If the path string contains \ and is no longer the last, then the folder and file names all have values. Combining pathsos.path.dirname(path)Get the folder part in pathGet the file name in pathos.path.exists(path)Judge whether the file or folder existsDetermine whether the path is a fileDetermine whether the path is a directoryGet file or folder size##os.path.getctime(path)os.path.getatime(path)os.pathsep()Path separatoros.linesep()Newline symbol

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文件和目录高级处理

相比os模块，shutil模块用于文件和目录的高级处理，提供了支持文件赋值、移动、删除、压缩和解压等功能。

复制文件

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shutil模块的主要作用是赋值文件，大概有以下七种实现：

1. shutil.copyfileobj(file1,file2)覆盖复制
   将file1的内容覆盖file2，file1、file2表示打开的文件对象。

2. shutil.copyfile(file1,file2)覆盖复制
   也是覆盖，但是无须打开文件，直接用文件名进行覆盖（其源码还是调用的copyfileobj）。

3. shutil.copymode(file1,file2)权限复制
   仅复制文件权限，不更改文件内容、组和用户，无返回对象。

4. shutil.copystart(file1,file2)状态复制
   复制文件的所有状态信息，包括权限、组、用户和时间等，无返回对象。

5. shutil.copy(file1,file2)内容和权限复制
   复制文件的内容和权限，相当于先执行了copyfile再执行了copysmode。

6. shutil.copy2(file1,file2)内容和权限复制
   复制文件的内容及所有状态信息，相当于先执行了copyfile再执行了copystart。

7. shutil.copytree()递归复制
   递归地复制文件内容及状态信息

移动文件

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使用函数shutil.move()函数可以递归地移动文件或重命名，并返回目标，若目标是现有目录则src再当前目录移动；若目标已经存在且不是目录，则可能会被覆盖。

读取压缩及归档压缩文件

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使用函数shutil.make_archive()创建归档文件，并返回归档后的名称。
语法如下：
shutil.make_archive(base_name,format[,root_dir[,base_dir[,verbose[,dry_run[,owner[,group[,logger]]]]]]])

• base_name为需要创建的文件名，包括路径
• format表示压缩格式，可选zip、tar或bztar等
• root_dir为归档的目录

import shutil
path_1 = r'D:\PycharmProjects\Hello'path_2 = r'D:\PycharmProjects\Hello\shutil-test'new_path = shutil.make_archive(path_2,'zip',path_1)print(new_path)

解压文件

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使用函数shutil.unpack_archive(filename[,extract_dir[,format]])分析拆档。

• filename是归档的完整路径
• extract_dir是解压归档的目标目录名称
• format是解压文件的格式

import shutilimport os
shutil.unpack_archive('D:\PycharmProjects\Hello\shutil-test.zip','D:\\testdir')print(os.listdir('D:\\testdir'))

小结

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需要注意的是不同的操作系统中，路径分隔符不一样，在文件处理时需要考虑。也可以使用os.sep()来替代文件分隔符，因为操作系统而造成的程序异常。此外处理文件时往往需要注意文件权限，还有注意文件和文件夹的区别，使用递归等。

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Method	Description	Example
os.getcwd()	Get the current directory path
Create a multi-level directory
Delete a single-level empty directory
Delete multi-level directories
		##os.path.abspath()
		os.path.split(path)
If there is no \ in the path string, only the file name part has a value;		##os.path.join(path1,path2)
		os.path.basename( path)
		os.path.isfile(path)
		os.path.isdir(path)
		os.path.getsize(path)
		Get the file or folder creation time
		Get the file or Folder last access time
	##os.path.getmtime(path)	Get the last modification time of a file or folder
	os.sep()	Path separator
	os.extsep()	Separator between file name and suffix

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