How to query data using DQL

This article will introduce to you how to use DQL to query data. It has certain reference value. Friends in need can refer to it. I hope it will be helpful to everyone.

Query data using DQL

DQL language

DQL(Data Query Language)

• Query database data, such as SELECT statement

• Simple single table query or complex query and nested query of multiple tables

• is the core and most important statement in the database language

• The most frequently used statement

SELECT syntax

SELECT [ALL | DISTINCT]
{* | table.* | [table.field1[as alias1][,table.field2[as alias2]][,...]]}
FROM table_name [as table_alias]
    [left | right | inner join table_name2]  -- 联合查询
    [WHERE ...]  -- 指定结果需满足的条件
    [GROUP BY ...]  -- 指定结果按照哪几个字段来分组
    [HAVING]  -- 过滤分组的记录必须满足的次要条件
    [ORDER BY ...]  -- 指定查询记录按一个或多个条件排序
    [LIMIT {[offset,]row_count | row_countOFFSET offset}];
    --  指定查询的记录从哪条至哪条

Note: [ ] brackets represent optional, { } brackets represent required

Specify query fields

-- 查询表中所有的数据列结果 , 采用 **" \* "** 符号; 但是效率低，不推荐 .

-- 查询所有学生信息
SELECT * FROM student;

-- 查询指定列(学号 , 姓名)
SELECT studentno,studentname FROM student;

AS clause serves as an alias

Function:

• can give a new alias to the data column

• can give a new alias to the table The new alias

• can replace the calculated or summarized results with another new name

-- 这里是为列取别名(当然as关键词可以省略)
SELECT studentno AS 学号,studentname AS 姓名 FROM student;

-- 使用as也可以为表取别名
SELECT studentno AS 学号,studentname AS 姓名 FROM student AS s;

-- 使用as,为查询结果取一个新名字
-- CONCAT()函数拼接字符串
SELECT CONCAT('姓名:',studentname) AS 新姓名 FROM student;

Use of DISTINCT keyword

Function: Remove duplicate records from the record results returned by the SELECT query (the values ​​of all columns returned are the same), and only return a

-- # 查看哪些同学参加了考试(学号)  去除重复项
SELECT * FROM result; -- 查看考试成绩
SELECT studentno FROM result; --  查看哪些同学参加了考试
SELECT DISTINCT studentno FROM result; -- 了解:DISTINCT 去除重复项 , (默认是ALL)

column using expressions

in the database Expression: Generally composed of text values, column values, NULL, functions and operators, etc.

Application scenarios:

• Used in the result column returned by the SELECT statement

• Used in ORDER BY, HAVING and other clauses in the SELECT statement

• Use expressions in where conditional statements in DML statements

-- selcet查询中可以使用表达式
SELECT @@auto_increment_increment; -- 查询自增步长
SELECT VERSION(); -- 查询版本号
SELECT 100*3-1 AS 计算结果; -- 表达式

-- 学员考试成绩集体提分一分查看
SELECT studentno,StudentResult+1 AS '提分后' FROM result;

• Avoid SQL return results containing ' . ' , ' * ' and parentheses that interfere with the development of language programs.

##where conditional statements

Function: Used to retrieve qualified records in the data table

Search conditions can be composed of one or more logical expressions, and the result is generally true or false.

Logic Operator

Test

-- 满足条件的查询(where)
SELECT Studentno,StudentResult FROM result;

-- 查询考试成绩在95-100之间的
SELECT Studentno,StudentResult
FROM result
WHERE StudentResult>=95 AND StudentResult<=100;

-- AND也可以写成 &&
SELECT Studentno,StudentResult
FROM result
WHERE StudentResult>=95 && StudentResult<=100;

-- 模糊查询(对应的词:精确查询)
SELECT Studentno,StudentResult
FROM result
WHERE StudentResult BETWEEN 95 AND 100;

-- 除了1000号同学,要其他同学的成绩
SELECT studentno,studentresult
FROM result
WHERE studentno!=1000;

-- 使用NOT
SELECT studentno,studentresult
FROM result
WHERE NOT studentno=1000;

Fuzzy query: Comparison operator

Note:

• Arithmetic operations can only be performed between records of numerical data types;

• Only data of the same data type can be compared;

Test:

-- 模糊查询 between and \ like \ in \ null

-- =============================================
-- LIKE
-- =============================================
-- 查询姓刘的同学的学号及姓名
-- like结合使用的通配符 : % (代表0到任意个字符)  _ (一个字符)
SELECT studentno,studentname FROM student
WHERE studentname LIKE '刘%';

-- 查询姓刘的同学,后面只有一个字的
SELECT studentno,studentname FROM student
WHERE studentname LIKE '刘_';

-- 查询姓刘的同学,后面只有两个字的
SELECT studentno,studentname FROM student
WHERE studentname LIKE '刘__';

-- 查询姓名中含有 嘉 字的
SELECT studentno,studentname FROM student
WHERE studentname LIKE '%嘉%';

-- 查询姓名中含有特殊字符的需要使用转义符号 '\'
-- 自定义转义符关键字:  ESCAPE ':'

-- =============================================
-- IN
-- =============================================
-- 查询学号为1000,1001,1002的学生姓名
SELECT studentno,studentname FROM student
WHERE studentno IN (1000,1001,1002);

-- 查询地址在北京,南京,河南洛阳的学生
SELECT studentno,studentname,address FROM student
WHERE address IN ('北京','南京','河南洛阳');

-- =============================================
-- NULL 空
-- =============================================
-- 查询出生日期没有填写的同学
-- 不能直接写=NULL , 这是代表错误的 , 用 is null
SELECT studentname FROM student
WHERE BornDate IS NULL;

-- 查询出生日期填写的同学
SELECT studentname FROM student
WHERE BornDate IS NOT NULL;

-- 查询没有写家庭住址的同学(空字符串不等于null)
SELECT studentname FROM student
WHERE Address='' OR Address IS NULL;

Connection query

JOIN comparison

Seven types of Join:

Test

/*
连接查询
    如需要多张数据表的数据进行查询,则可通过连接运算符实现多个查询
内连接 inner join
    查询两个表中的结果集中的交集
外连接 outer join
    左外连接 left join
        (以左表作为基准,右边表来一一匹配,匹配不上的,返回左表的记录,右表以NULL填充)
    右外连接 right join
        (以右表作为基准,左边表来一一匹配,匹配不上的,返回右表的记录,左表以NULL填充)
        
等值连接和非等值连接

自连接
*/

-- 查询参加了考试的同学信息(学号,学生姓名,科目编号,分数)
SELECT * FROM student;
SELECT * FROM result;

/*思路:
(1):分析需求,确定查询的列来源于两个类,student  result,连接查询
(2):确定使用哪种连接查询?(内连接)
*/
SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectno,StudentResult
FROM student s
INNER JOIN result r
ON r.studentno = s.studentno

-- 右连接(也可实现)
SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectno,StudentResult
FROM student s
RIGHT JOIN result r
ON r.studentno = s.studentno

-- 等值连接
SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectno,StudentResult
FROM student s , result r
WHERE r.studentno = s.studentno

-- 左连接 (查询了所有同学,不考试的也会查出来)
SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectno,StudentResult
FROM student s
LEFT JOIN result r
ON r.studentno = s.studentno

-- 查一下缺考的同学(左连接应用场景)
SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectno,StudentResult
FROM student s
LEFT JOIN result r
ON r.studentno = s.studentno
WHERE StudentResult IS NULL

-- 思考题:查询参加了考试的同学信息(学号,学生姓名,科目名,分数)
SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectname,StudentResult
FROM student s
INNER JOIN result r
ON r.studentno = s.studentno
INNER JOIN `subject` sub
ON sub.subjectno = r.subjectno

Self-join

/*
自连接
    数据表与自身进行连接

需求:从一个包含栏目ID , 栏目名称和父栏目ID的表中
     查询父栏目名称和其他子栏目名称
*/

-- 创建一个表
CREATE TABLE `category` (
  `categoryid` INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '主题id',
  `pid` INT(10) NOT NULL COMMENT '父id',
  `categoryName` VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL COMMENT '主题名字',
  PRIMARY KEY (`categoryid`)
) ENGINE=INNODB AUTO_INCREMENT=9 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8

-- 插入数据
INSERT INTO `category` (`categoryid`, `pid`, `categoryName`)
VALUES('2','1','信息技术'),
('3','1','软件开发'),
('4','3','数据库'),
('5','1','美术设计'),
('6','3','web开发'),
('7','5','ps技术'),
('8','2','办公信息');

-- 编写SQL语句,将栏目的父子关系呈现出来 (父栏目名称,子栏目名称)
-- 核心思想:把一张表看成两张一模一样的表,然后将这两张表连接查询(自连接)
SELECT a.categoryName AS '父栏目',b.categoryName AS '子栏目'
FROM category AS a,category AS b
WHERE a.`categoryid`=b.`pid`

-- 思考题:查询参加了考试的同学信息(学号,学生姓名,科目名,分数)
SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectname,StudentResult
FROM student s
INNER JOIN result r
ON r.studentno = s.studentno
INNER JOIN `subject` sub
ON sub.subjectno = r.subjectno

-- 查询学员及所属的年级(学号,学生姓名,年级名)
SELECT studentno AS 学号,studentname AS 学生姓名,gradename AS 年级名称
FROM student s
INNER JOIN grade g
ON s.`GradeId` = g.`GradeID`

-- 查询科目及所属的年级(科目名称,年级名称)
SELECT subjectname AS 科目名称,gradename AS 年级名称
FROM SUBJECT sub
INNER JOIN grade g
ON sub.gradeid = g.gradeid

-- 查询 数据库结构-1 的所有考试结果(学号 学生姓名 科目名称 成绩)
SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectname,StudentResult
FROM student s
INNER JOIN result r
ON r.studentno = s.studentno
INNER JOIN `subject` sub
ON r.subjectno = sub.subjectno
WHERE subjectname='数据库结构-1'

Sort and paging

Test

/*============== 排序 ================
语法 : ORDER BY
    ORDER BY 语句用于根据指定的列对结果集进行排序。
    ORDER BY 语句默认按照ASC升序对记录进行排序。
    如果您希望按照降序对记录进行排序，可以使用 DESC 关键字。
    
*/

-- 查询 数据库结构-1 的所有考试结果(学号 学生姓名 科目名称 成绩)
-- 按成绩降序排序
SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectname,StudentResult
FROM student s
INNER JOIN result r
ON r.studentno = s.studentno
INNER JOIN `subject` sub
ON r.subjectno = sub.subjectno
WHERE subjectname='数据库结构-1'
ORDER BY StudentResult DESC

/*============== 分页 ================
语法 : SELECT * FROM table LIMIT [offset,] rows | rows OFFSET offset
好处 : (用户体验,网络传输,查询压力)

推导:
    第一页 : limit 0,5
    第二页 : limit 5,5
    第三页 : limit 10,5
    ......
    第N页 : limit (pageNo-1)*pageSzie,pageSzie
    [pageNo:页码,pageSize:单页面显示条数]
    
*/

-- 每页显示5条数据
SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectname,StudentResult
FROM student s
INNER JOIN result r
ON r.studentno = s.studentno
INNER JOIN `subject` sub
ON r.subjectno = sub.subjectno
WHERE subjectname='数据库结构-1'
ORDER BY StudentResult DESC , studentno
LIMIT 0,5

-- 查询 JAVA第一学年 课程成绩前10名并且分数大于80的学生信息(学号,姓名,课程名,分数)
SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectname,StudentResult
FROM student s
INNER JOIN result r
ON r.studentno = s.studentno
INNER JOIN `subject` sub
ON r.subjectno = sub.subjectno
WHERE subjectname='JAVA第一学年'
ORDER BY StudentResult DESC
LIMIT 0,10

Subquery

/*============== 子查询 ================
什么是子查询?
    在查询语句中的WHERE条件子句中,又嵌套了另一个查询语句
    嵌套查询可由多个子查询组成,求解的方式是由里及外;
    子查询返回的结果一般都是集合,故而建议使用IN关键字;
*/

-- 查询 数据库结构-1 的所有考试结果(学号,科目编号,成绩),并且成绩降序排列
-- 方法一:使用连接查询
SELECT studentno,r.subjectno,StudentResult
FROM result r
INNER JOIN `subject` sub
ON r.`SubjectNo`=sub.`SubjectNo`
WHERE subjectname = '数据库结构-1'
ORDER BY studentresult DESC;

-- 方法二:使用子查询(执行顺序:由里及外)
SELECT studentno,subjectno,StudentResult
FROM result
WHERE subjectno=(
    SELECT subjectno FROM `subject`
    WHERE subjectname = '数据库结构-1'
)
ORDER BY studentresult DESC;

-- 查询课程为 高等数学-2 且分数不小于80分的学生的学号和姓名
-- 方法一:使用连接查询
SELECT s.studentno,studentname
FROM student s
INNER JOIN result r
ON s.`StudentNo` = r.`StudentNo`
INNER JOIN `subject` sub
ON sub.`SubjectNo` = r.`SubjectNo`
WHERE subjectname = '高等数学-2' AND StudentResult>=80

-- 方法二:使用连接查询+子查询
-- 分数不小于80分的学生的学号和姓名
SELECT r.studentno,studentname FROM student s
INNER JOIN result r ON s.`StudentNo`=r.`StudentNo`
WHERE StudentResult>=80

-- 在上面SQL基础上,添加需求:课程为 高等数学-2
SELECT r.studentno,studentname FROM student s
INNER JOIN result r ON s.`StudentNo`=r.`StudentNo`
WHERE StudentResult>=80 AND subjectno=(
    SELECT subjectno FROM `subject`
    WHERE subjectname = '高等数学-2'
)

-- 方法三:使用子查询
-- 分步写简单sql语句,然后将其嵌套起来
SELECT studentno,studentname FROM student WHERE studentno IN(
    SELECT studentno FROM result WHERE StudentResult>=80 AND subjectno=(
        SELECT subjectno FROM `subject` WHERE subjectname = '高等数学-2'
    )
)

/*
练习题目:
    查 C语言-1 的前5名学生的成绩信息(学号,姓名,分数)
    使用子查询,查询郭靖同学所在的年级名称
*/

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