What are the most important components of a microcomputer hardware system?

The most important component of the microcomputer hardware system is the CPU. The central processing unit (CPU) is the core component of a computer that is responsible for reading, decoding, and executing instructions. Its main function is to interpret computer instructions and process data in computer software.

The operating environment of this tutorial: Windows 7 system, Dell G3 computer.

The most important (core) component of the microcomputer hardware system is the CPU.

The central processing unit (CPU), as the computing and control core of the computer system, is the final execution unit for information processing and program execution.

CPU is the core component of the microcomputer and the key to improving the overall performance of the system. It mainly includes two components: the arithmetic unit and the controller. Today, as microcomputers continue to develop in the direction of ultra-light and ultra-thin, the CPU is required to maintain high performance and speed while also considering the following factors in design:

• Low Power consumption reduces the working voltage and reduces power consumption to extend the working time more effectively.

• Low heat consumption reduces heat generation to ensure system stability under high-speed operations.

• High-density pin-count packaging reduces the size and provides more functions.

The function of the central processing unit (CPU) is mainly to interpret computer instructions and process data in computer software. The CPU is the core component of the computer that reads instructions, decodes them, and executes them. The central processing unit mainly consists of two parts, namely the controller and the arithmetic unit, which also include cache memory and the data and control bus that realize the connection between them. The three core components of an electronic computer are the CPU, internal memory, and input/output devices. The main functions of the central processing unit are to process instructions, perform operations, control time, and process data.

In computer architecture, the CPU is the core hardware unit that controls and allocates all hardware resources of the computer (such as memory, input and output units) and performs general operations. The CPU is the computing and control core of the computer. The operations of all software layers in the computer system will eventually be mapped to CPU operations through the instruction set.

The core part of CPU

1. Operator

The operator refers to the component in the computer that performs various arithmetic and logical operations, among which The arithmetic logic unit is part of the central processing core.

(1) Arithmetic logic unit (ALU). Arithmetic logic unit refers to a combinational logic circuit that can realize multiple sets of arithmetic operations and logical operations. It is an important part of central processing. The operations of the arithmetic logic unit are mainly two-bit arithmetic operations, such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication. During the operation process, the arithmetic logic unit mainly performs arithmetic and logical operations using computer instructions. Generally speaking, the ALU can play the role of direct read-in and read-out, which is specifically reflected in the processor controller, memory and input and output devices. , input and output are implemented based on the bus. The input command contains an instruction word, including operation code, format code, etc.

(2) Intermediate register (IR). Its length is 128 bits, and its actual length is determined by the operands. IR plays an important role in the "push and fetch" instruction. During the execution of this instruction, the content of ACC is sent to IR, then the operand is fetched to ACC, and then the content of IR is pushed onto the stack.

(3) Operation accumulator (ACC). Current registers are generally single accumulators with a length of 128 bits. For ACC, it can be regarded as a variable-length accumulator. In the process of describing instructions, the expression of ACC length is generally based on the value of ACS, and the ACS length is directly related to the ACC length. Doubling or halving the ACS length can also be regarded as doubling or halving the ACC length.

(4) Descriptor register (DR). It is mainly used to store and modify descriptors. The length of DR is 64 bits. In order to simplify data structure processing, the use of descriptors plays an important role.

(5)B register. It plays an important role in the modification of instructions. The length of the B register is 32 bits. It can save the address modification amount during the address modification process. The main memory address can only be modified using descriptors. The descriptor points to the first element in the array, so accessing other elements in the array should require modifiers. For arrays, they are composed of data of the same size or elements of the same size and are stored continuously. The common access method is the vector descriptor, because the address in the vector descriptor is a byte address, so when proceeding During the conversion process, the base addresses should first be added. For the conversion work, it is mainly implemented automatically by the hardware. In this process, special attention must be paid to alignment to avoid exceeding the array boundaries.

2. Controller

The controller refers to a master device that changes the wiring of the main circuit or control circuit and changes the resistance value in the circuit according to a predetermined sequence to control the starting, speed regulation, braking and reverse direction of the motor. The controller is composed of program status register PSR, system status register SSR, program counter PC, instruction register, etc. As a "decision-making mechanism", its main task is to issue commands and play a coordination and command role in the operation of the entire computer system. There are two main categories of control: combinational logic controllers and microprogrammed controllers. Both parts have their own advantages and disadvantages. Among them, the combinational logic controller has a relatively complex structure, but its advantage is that it is faster; the microprogrammed controller has a simple structure, but when modifying a machine instruction function, the entire microprogram needs to be reprogrammed.

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