What is reference counting? An in-depth analysis of reference counting in PHP!

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Release: 2023-04-10 10:16:02
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What is reference counting? How to check reference count? How to use reference counting? The following article will take you to understand reference counting and introduce how to use reference counting.

What is reference counting? An in-depth analysis of reference counting in PHP!

What is reference counting

In PHP’s data structure, reference counting refers to each variable, in addition to saving them In addition to the type and value, two additional contents are saved, one is whether the variable is currently referenced, and the other is the number of references. Why do we need to save two more contents? For garbage collection (GC) of course.

In other words, when the number of references is 0, this variable is no longer used and can be recycled through GC to release the occupied memory resources.

No program can occupy memory resources indefinitely. Excessive memory usage often leads to a serious problem, that is, memory leaks. GC is the bottom layer of PHP that automatically completes the memory processing for us. Destroy, instead of having to free manually like C.

How to check the reference count?

We need to install the xdebug extension, and then use the xdebug_debug_zval() function to see the detailed information of the specified memory, such as:

$a = "I am a String";
xdebug_debug_zval('a');
// a: (refcount=1, is_ref=0)='I am a String'
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As can be seen from the above content, this The content of the $a variable is a string like I am a String. The refcount in parentheses is the number of references, and is_ref indicates whether the variable is referenced. Let's see how these two parameters change through variable assignment.

$b = $a;
xdebug_debug_zval('a');
// a: (refcount=1, is_ref=0)='I am a String'

$b = &$a;
xdebug_debug_zval('a');
// a: (refcount=2, is_ref=1)='I am a String'
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When we perform a normal assignment, there is no change in refcount and is_ref, but when we perform a reference assignment, we can see that refcount becomes 2 and is_ref becomes 1. This means that the current \a variable is referenced and assigned, and its memory symbol table serves a variable is referenced and assigned, and its memory symbol table serves

##################################################################################################################### #号######Table######Service######Service###### is for both ###############a and $b variables. ###
$c = &$a;
xdebug_debug_zval('a');
// a: (refcount=3, is_ref=1)='I am a String'

unset($c, $b);
xdebug_debug_zval('a');
// a: (refcount=1, is_ref=1)='I am a String'

$b = &$a;
$c = &$a;
$b = "I am a String new";
xdebug_debug_zval('a');
// a: (refcount=3, is_ref=1)='I am a String new'

unset($a);
xdebug_debug_zval('a');
// a: no such symbol
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继续增加一个 c的引用赋值,可以看到refcount会继续增加。然后unsetc 的引用赋值,可以看到 refcount 会继续增加。然后 unset 掉b 和 $c 之后,refcount 恢复到了1,不过这时需要注意的是,is_ref 依然还是1,也就是说,这个变量被引用过,这个 is_ref 就会变成1,即使引用的变量都已经 unset 掉了这个值依然不变。

最后我们 unset 掉 $a ,显示的就是 no such symbol 了。当前变量已经被销毁不是一个可以用的符号引用了。(注意,PHP中的变量对应的是内存的符号表,并不是真正的内存地址)

对象的引用计数

和普通类型的变量一样,对象变量也是使用同样的计数规则。

// 对象引用计数
class A{

}
$objA = new A();
xdebug_debug_zval('objA');
// objA: (refcount=1, is_ref=0)=class A {  }

$objB = $objA;
xdebug_debug_zval('objA');
// objA: (refcount=2, is_ref=0)=class A {  }

$objC = $objA;
xdebug_debug_zval('objA');
// objA: (refcount=3, is_ref=0)=class A {  }

unset($objB);
class C{

}
$objC = new C;
xdebug_debug_zval('objA');
// objA: (refcount=1, is_ref=0)=class A {  }
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不过这里需要注意的是,对象的符号表是建立的连接,也就是说,对 objC进行重新实例化或者修改为NULL,并不会影响objC 进行重新实例化或者修改为 NULL ,并不会影响objA 的内容。对象进行普通赋值操作也是引用类型的符号表赋值,所以我们不需要加 & 符号。

数组的引用计数

// 数组引用计数
$arrA = [
    'a'=>1,
    'b'=>2,
];
xdebug_debug_zval('arrA');
// arrA: (refcount=2, is_ref=0)=array (
//     'a' => (refcount=0, is_ref=0)=1, 
//     'b' => (refcount=0, is_ref=0)=2
// )

$arrB = $arrA;
$arrC = $arrA;
xdebug_debug_zval('arrA');
// arrA: (refcount=4, is_ref=0)=array (
//     'a' => (refcount=0, is_ref=0)=1, 
//     'b' => (refcount=0, is_ref=0)=2
// )

unset($arrB);
$arrC = ['c'=>3];
xdebug_debug_zval('arrA');
// arrA: (refcount=2, is_ref=0)=array (
//     'a' => (refcount=0, is_ref=0)=1, 
//     'b' => (refcount=0, is_ref=0)=2
// )

// 添加一个已经存在的元素
$arrA['c'] = &$arrA['a'];
xdebug_debug_zval('arrA');
// arrA: (refcount=1, is_ref=0)=array (
//     'a' => (refcount=2, is_ref=1)=1, 
//     'b' => (refcount=0, is_ref=0)=2, 
//     'c' => (refcount=2, is_ref=1)=1
// )
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调试数组的时候,我们会发现两个比较有意思的事情。

一是数组内部的每个元素又有单独的自己的引用计数。这也比较好理解,每一个数组元素都可以看做是一个单独的变量,但数组就是这堆变量的一个哈希集合。如果在对象中有成员变量的话,也是一样的效果。当数组中的某一个元素被 & 引用赋值给其他变量之后,这个元素的 refcount 会增加,不会影响整个数组的 refcount 。

二是数组默认上来的 refcount 是2。其实这是 PHP7 之后的一种新的特性,当数组定义并初始化后,会将这个数组转变成一个不可变数组(immutable array)。为了和普通数组区分开,这种数组的 refcount 是从2开始起步的。当我们修改一下这个数组中的任何元素后,这个数组就会变回普通数组,也就是 refcount 会变回1。这个大家可以自己尝试下,关于为什么要这样做的问题,官方的解释是为了效率,具体的原理可能还是需要深挖 PHP7 的源码才能知晓。

关于内存泄露需要注意的地方

其实 PHP 在底层已经帮我们做好了 GC 机制就不需要太关心变量的销毁释放问题,但是,千万要注意的是对象或数组中的元素是可以赋值为自身的,也就是说,给某个元素赋值一个自身的引用就变成了循环引用。那么这个对象就基本不太可能会被 GC 自动销毁了。

// 对象循环引用
class D{
    public $d;
}
$d = new D;
$d->d = $d;
xdebug_debug_zval('d');
// d: (refcount=2, is_ref=0)=class D { 
//     public $d = (refcount=2, is_ref=0)=... 
// }

// 数组循环引用
$arrA['arrA'] = &$arrA;
xdebug_debug_zval('arrA');
// arrA: (refcount=2, is_ref=1)=array (
//     'a' => (refcount=0, is_ref=0)=1, 
//     'b' => (refcount=0, is_ref=0)=2, 
//     'arrA' => (refcount=2, is_ref=1)=...
// )
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不管是对象还是数组,在打印调试时出现了 ... 这样的省略号,那么你的程序中就出现了循环引用。在之前的文章 关于PHP中对象复制的那点事儿 中我们也讲过这个循环引用的问题,所以这个问题应该是我们在日常开发中应该时刻关注的问题。

总结

引用计数是了解垃圾回收机制的前提条件,而且正是因为现代语言中都有一套类似的垃圾回收机制才让我们的编程变得更加容易且安全。那么有人说了,日常开发根本用不到这些呀?用不到不代表不应该去学习,就像循环引用这个问题一样,当代码中充斥着大量的类似代码时,系统崩溃只是迟早的事情,所以,这些知识是我们向更高级的程序进阶所不可或缺的内容。

测试代码:https://github.com/zhangyue0503/dev-blog/blob/master/php/202004/source/PHP%E7%9A%84%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E8%AE%A1%E6%95%B0%E6%98%AF%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%84%8F%E6%80%9D%EF%BC%9F.php

参考文档:
https://www.php.net/manual/zh/features.gc.refcounting-basics.php
https://www.jianshu.com/p/52450a61354d
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本文转载自:https://juejin.cn/post/6950093123682828301

作者:硬核项目经理

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