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三种遍历树的方法

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Release: 2016-05-25 17:15:00
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树的概念在开发里面是很重要的一部分,xml的文档对象模型(DOM)就是一棵树,文件夹文件的结构也是一棵树。遍历树是开发中经常要遇到的一个问题,比如,要找出DOM里面的img 标签的个数,就要遍历一棵DOM树。要在一个目录里面查找是否有一个文件也要用到遍历这个目录。在这里我们以遍历文件为例,说明遍历树的三种基本的方法:
递归深度优先算法,非递归深度优先算法,非递归广度优先算法。
    这些算法是我们在项目中经常重复的一些算法,我感觉我写程序以来,我做的大多数算法都用了大二学的那本数据结构,有些时候,只是改装一些一些算法,有些时候也只是把几种算法合并一下,也许这是为什么数据结构这本书这样重要的原因。
先看代码:

<?php

define(&#39;DS&#39;, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);

function rec_list_files($from = &#39;.&#39;)

{

    if(!is_dir($from)) {

        return array();

    }

    $files = array();

    if($dh = opendir($from))

    {

        while(false !== ($file = readdir($dh))) {

            

            if($file == &#39;.&#39; || $file == &#39;..&#39;) {

                continue;

            }

            $path = $from . DS . $file;

            

            if (is_file($path)) {

                $files[] = $path;

            }

            $files = array_merge($files, rec_list_files($path));

        }

        closedir($dh);

    }

    return $files;

}



function deep_first_list_files($from = &#39;.&#39;)

{

    if(!is_dir($from)) {

        return false;

    }

    $files = array();

    $dirs = array($from);

    while(NULL !== ($dir = array_pop($dirs))) {

        if( $dh = opendir($dir)) {

            while( false !== ($file = readdir($dh))) {

                if($file == &#39;.&#39; || $file == &#39;..&#39;) {

                    continue;

                }

                $path = $dir . DS . $file;

                if(is_dir($path)) {

                    $dirs[] = $path;

                } else {

                    $files[] = $path;

                }

            }

            closedir($dh);

        }

    }

    return $files;

}



function breadth_first_files($from = &#39;.&#39;) {

    $queue = array(rtrim($from, DS).DS);// normalize all paths

    $files = array();

    while($base = array_shift($queue )) {

        if (($handle = opendir($base))) {

            while (($child = readdir($handle)) !== false) {

               if( $child == &#39;.&#39; || $child == &#39;..&#39;) {

                    continue;

                }

                if (is_dir($base.$child)) {

                    $combined_path = $base.$child.DS;

                    array_push($queue, $combined_path);

                } else {

                    $files[] = $base.$child;

                }

            }

            closedir($handle);

        } // else unable to open directory => NEXT CHILD

    }

    return $files; // end of tree, file not found

}



function profile($func, $trydir)

{

    $mem1 = memory_get_usage();

    echo &#39;<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false">----------------------- Test run for &#39;.$func.&#39;() &#39;;

    flush();

    $time_start = microtime(true);

    $list = $func($trydir);

    //print_r($list);

    $time = microtime(true) - $time_start;

    echo &#39;Finished : &#39;.count($list).&#39; files
'; $mem2 = memory_get_peak_usage(); printf('
Max memory for &#39;.$func.&#39;() : %0.2f kbytes Running time for &#39;.$func.&#39;() : %0.f s
', ($mem2-$mem1)/1024.0, $time); return $list; } profile('rec_list_files', "D:\www\server"); profile('deep_first_list_files', "D:\www\server"); profile('breadth_first_files', "D:\www\server"); ?>
Copy after login

rec_list_files 是递归的深度优先的算法,这个是用一个简单的函数递归来实现,用array_merge 来合并数组
deep_first_list_files 是非递归的深度优先的算法,用了一个栈来实现。
breadth_first_files 是非递归的广度优先算法,用了一个队列来实现。
顺便说一句,php中的数组,可以做为hashtable,queue,stack,普通数组,甚至做树也是可以的。运行的结果:
-----------------------
Test run for rec_list_files() ...Finished : 1868 files
Max memory for rec_list_files() : 496.93 kbytes Running time for rec_list_files() : 9.231678 s
-----------------------
Test run for deep_first_list_files() ...Finished : 1868 files
Max memory for deep_first_list_files() : 432.41 kbytes Running time for deep_first_list_files() : 3.940216 s
-----------------------
Test run for breadth_first_files() ...Finished : 1868 files
Max memory for breadth_first_files() : 432.55 kbytes Running time for breadth_first_files() : 3.749125 s
第二种和第三种方法的效率和内存消耗差别不大,但是第一种递归调用消耗的内存和时间都要大很多,有时候为了效率,可能采用非递归的实现方式比较的好。

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