PHP+Redis caching technology overview [steps]
有否想过PHP使用redis
作为缓存时,如何能:
1.前后台模块共用Model层;
2.但是,不能每个Model类都进行缓存,这样太浪费Redis资源;
3.前后台模块可以自由决定从数据库还是从缓存读数据;
4.没有冗余代码;
5.使用方便。
这里我们先展示实现的最终效果。
最终的代码和使用说明请移步Github:https://github.com/yeszao/php-redis-cache。
马上安装使用命令:
$ composer install yeszao/cache
经过简单配置就可以使用,请参看Github的README说明。
1 最终效果
假设在MVC框架中,model
层有一个Book
类和一个getById
方法,如下:
class Book { public function getById($id) { return $id; } }
加入缓存技术之后,原来方法的调用方式和返回的数据结构都不应该改变。
所以,我们希望,最后的效果应该是这样的:
(new Book)->getById(100); // 原始的、不用缓存的调用方式,还是原来的方式,一般是读取数据库的数据。 (new Book)->getByIdCache(100); // 使用缓存的调用方式,缓存键名为:app_models_book:getbyid: + md5(参数列表) (new Book)->getByIdClear(100); // 删除这个缓存 (new Book)->getByIdFlush(); // 删除 getById() 方法对应的所有缓存,即删除 app_models_book:getbyid:*。这个方法不需要参数。
这样我们可以很清楚的明白自己在做什么,同时又知道数据的来源函数,并且被引用方式完全统一,可谓一箭三雕。
其实实现起来也比较简单,就是使用PHP的魔术方法__call()方法。
2 __call()方法
这里简单说明一下__call
方法的作用。
在PHP中,当我们访问一个不存在的类方法时,就会调用这个类的__call()
方法。
(如果类方法不存在,又没有写__call()
方法,PHP会直接报错)
假设我们有一个Book
类:
class Book { public function __call($name, $arguments) { echo '类Book不存在方法', $name, PHP_EOL; } public function getById($id) { echo '我的ID是', $id, PHP_EOL; } }
当调用存在的getName(50)
方法时,程序打印:我的ID是50。
而如果调用不存在的getAge()
方法时,程序就会执行到A类的__call()
方法里面,这里会打印:类Book不存在方法getAge。
这就是__call
的原理。
3 实现细节
接下来我们就利用__call()
方法的这种特性,来实现缓存策略。
从上面的例子,我们看到,__call()
方法被调用时,会传入两个参数。
$name
:想要调用的方法名$arguments
:参数列表
我们就可以在参数上面做文章。
还是以Book
类为例,我们假设其原本结构如下:
class Book { public function __call($name, $arguments) { // 待填充内容 } public function getById($id) { return ['id' => $id, 'title' => 'PHP缓存技术' . $id]; } }
开始之前,我们还确认Redis的连接,这是缓存必须用到的,这里我们写个简单的单例类:
class Common { private static $redis = null; public static function redis() { if (self::$redis === null) { self::$redis = new \Redis('127.0.0.1'); self::$redis->connect('redis'); } return self::$redis; }
然后,我们开始填充__call()
方法代码,具体说明请看注释:
class Book { public function __call($name, $arguments) { // 因为我们主要是根据方法名的后缀决定具体操作, // 所以如果传入的 $name 长度小于5,可以直接报错 if (strlen($name) < 5) { exit('Method does not exist.'); } // 接着,我们截取 $name,获取原方法和要执行的动作, // 是cache、clear还是flush,这里我们取了个巧,动作 // 的名称都是5个字符,这样截取就非常高效。 $method = substr($name, 0, -5); $action = substr($name, -5); // 当前调用的类名称,包括命名空间的名称 $class = get_class(); // 生成缓存键名,$arguments稍后再加上 $key = sprintf('%s:%s:', str_replace('\\', '_', $class), $method); // 都用小写好看点 $key = strtolower($key); switch ($action) { case 'Cache': // 缓存键名加上$arguments $key = $key . md5(json_encode($arguments)); // 从Redis中读取数据 $data = Common::redis()->get($key); // 如果Redis中有数据 if ($data !== false) { $decodeData = json_decode($data, JSON_UNESCAPED_UNICODE); // 如果不是JSON格式的数据,直接返回,否则返回json解析后的数据 return $decodeData === null ? $data : $decodeData; } // 如果Redis中没有数据则继续往下执行 // 如果原方法不存在 if (method_exists($this, $method) === false) { exit('Method does not exist.'); } // 调用原方法获取数据 $data = call_user_func_array([$this, $method], $arguments); // 保存数据到Redis中以便下次使用 Common::redis()->set($key, json_encode($data), 3600); // 结束执行并返回数据 return $data; break; case 'Clear': // 缓存键名加上$arguments $key = $key . md5(json_encode($arguments)); return Common::redis()->del($key); break; case 'Flush': $key = $key . '*'; // 获取所有符合 $class:$method:* 规则的缓存键名 $keys = Common::redis()->keys($key); return Common::redis()->del($keys); break; default: exit('Method does not exist.'); } } // 其他方法 }
这样就实现了我们开始时的效果。
4 实际使用时
在实际使用中,我们需要做一些改变,把这一段代码归入一个类中,
然后在model层的基类中引用这个类,再传入Redis句柄、类对象、方法名和参数,
这样可以降低代码的耦合,使用起来也更灵活。
完整的代码已经放在Github上,请参考文章开头的参考地址。
推荐学习:《PHP视频教程》
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