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Detailed analysis of Java collection framework

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This article brings you relevant knowledge about java, which mainly introduces issues related to the collection framework. The Java collection framework provides a set of interfaces and classes with excellent performance and easy use. They are located in the java.util package and I hope they are helpful to everyone.

Detailed analysis of Java collection framework

## Recommended study: "

java Learning Tutorial"

1. Introduction

1. Introduction to the collection framework

The Java collection framework provides a set of interfaces and classes with excellent performance and easy use. They are located in the

java.util package. Containers mainly include Collection and Map. Collection stores a collection of objects, while Map stores a mapping table of key-value pairs (two objects)

Detailed analysis of Java collection framework

2. Related containers Introduction

2.1 Set related

  • TreeSet is based on red-black tree implementation and supports ordered operations, such as searching for elements based on a range. However, the search efficiency is not as good as that of HashSet. The time complexity of HashSet search is O(1), while that of TreeSet is O(logN)
  • HashSet Based on hash table implementation, supports fast search , but does not support ordered operations. And the insertion order information of the elements is lost, which means that the result obtained by using Iterator to traverse the HashSet is uncertain.
  • LinkedHashSet It has the search efficiency of HashSet, and internally uses a doubly linked list to maintain the insertion order of elements.
2.2 List related

  • ArrayList Based on dynamic array implementation, supports random access.
  • Vector Similar to ArrayList, but it is thread-safe.
  • LinkedList Based on a doubly linked list implementation, it can only be accessed sequentially, but elements can be quickly inserted and deleted in the middle of the linked list. Not only that, LinkedList can also be used as a stack, queue and deque.
2.3 Queue related

  • LinkedList can implement a two-way queue.
  • PriorityQueue Based on the heap structure, it can be used to implement priority queues.
2.4 Map related

  • TreeMap Based on red-black tree implementation.
  • HashMap Based on hash table implementation.
  • HashTable Similar to HashMap, but it is thread-safe, which means that multiple threads can write to the HashTable at the same time without causing data inconsistency. It is a legacy class and should not be used. It is now possible to use
    ConcurrentHashMap to support thread safety, and ConcurrentHashMap will be more efficient because ConcurrentHashMap introduces segmentation locks.
  • LinkedHashMap Use a doubly linked list to maintain the order of elements, in insertion order or least recently used (LRU) order
3. Collection focus

    Collection interface stores a set of non-unique and unordered objects
  • List interface stores a set of non-unique and ordered objects.
  • Set interface stores a set of unique, unordered objects
  • Map interface stores a set of key-value objects, providing mapping from key to value
  • ArrayList implements variable length Array, allocate contiguous space in memory. Traversing elements and randomly accessing elements are more efficient
  • LinkedList uses linked list storage. It is more efficient when inserting and deleting elements.
  • HashSet adopts the hash algorithm to implement Set
  • The bottom layer of HashSet is implemented using HashMap, so the query efficiency is high, because the hashCode algorithm is used to directly determine the elements. Memory address, high addition and deletion efficiency
2. ArrayList analysis

1. ArrayList uses

boolean add(Object o)In order at the end of the list Add elements, starting index position starts from 0void add(int index, Object o)Add elements at the specified index position,int size()Returns the number of elements in the listObject get(int index)Returns the element at the specified index position. boolean contains(Object o)Determine whether the list is The specified element existsboolean remove(Object o)Remove the element from the listObject remove(int index) Delete the element at the specified position from the list, the starting index starts from 0

2. Introduction to ArrayList

  • ArrayList is an index sequence that can be dynamically grown and reduced. It is based on the List class implemented by arrays
  • This class encapsulates a dynamic redistribution Object[] array, each class object has a capacity [capacity] attribute, indicating the length of the Object[] array they encapsulate. When elements are added to the ArrayList, the attribute value will automatically increase. If you want to add a large number of elements to ArrayList, you can use the ensureCapacity method to increase capacity at once, which can reduce the number of reallocations and improve performance.
  • The usage of ArrayList is similar to that of Vector, but Vector is an older collection and has There are many shortcomings and it is not recommended to use

In addition, the difference between ArrayList and Vector is: ArrayList is thread-unsafe. When multiple threads access the same ArrayList collection, the program needs to manually ensure the synchronization of the collection. sex, while Vector is thread-safe.

3. Source code analysis

3.1 Inheritance structure and hierarchical relationship

public class ArrayList<e> extends AbstractList<e>
        implements List<e>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable</e></e></e>
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Detailed analysis of Java collection framework
Here is a brief explanation of several interfaces

  • RandomAccess interface
    This is a marked interface. By looking at the api document, its function is to use fast random access. Regarding efficiency issues, if this interface is implemented, then use ordinary The for loop is used to traverse, and the performance is higher, such as ArrayList. If this interface is not implemented, use Iterator to iterate, which has higher performance, such as linkedList. So this marking is just to let us know which way we use to obtain data has better performance.
  • Cloneable interface
    After implementing this interface, you can use the Object.Clone() method.
  • Serializable interface
    Implementing this serialization interface indicates that this class can be serialized. What is serialization? To put it simply, it means that it can be transferred from a class to a byte stream, and then from a byte stream to the original class.

The inheritance structure here can be viewed through Navigate>Type Hierarchy in IDEA

Detailed analysis of Java collection framework

#3.2 Properties

//版本号
private static final long serialVersionUID = 8683452581122892189L;
//缺省容量
private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;
//空对象数组
private static final Object[] EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};
//缺省空对象数组
private static final Object[] DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};
//存储的数组元素
transient Object[] elementData; // non-private to simplify nested class access
//实际元素大小,默认为0
private int size;
//最大数组容量
private static final int MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8;
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3.3 Construction method

/**
 * 构造具有指定初始容量的空列表
 * 如果指定的初始容量为负,则为IllegalArgumentException
 */public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
    if (initialCapacity > 0) {
        this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
    } else if (initialCapacity == 0) {
        this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
    } else {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
                                           initialCapacity);
    }}/**
 * 默认空数组的大小为10
 * ArrayList中储存数据的其实就是一个数组,这个数组就是elementData
 */public ArrayList() {
    this.elementData = DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;}/**
 * 按照集合迭代器返回元素的顺序构造包含指定集合的元素的列表
 */public ArrayList(Collection extends E> c) {
    elementData = c.toArray();
    if ((size = elementData.length) != 0) {
        // 转换为数组
        //每个集合的toarray()的实现方法不一样,所以需要判断一下,如果不是Object[].class类型,那么久需要使用ArrayList中的方法去改造一下。
        if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class)
            elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class);
    } else {
        // 否则就用空数组代替
        this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
    }}
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3.4 Automatic expansion

Whenever an element is added to the array, it is necessary to check whether the number of added elements will exceed the length of the current array. If it exceeds , the array will be expanded to meet the needs of adding data. Array expansion is achieved through a public method

ensureCapacity(int minCapacity). Before actually adding a large number of elements, I can also use ensureCapacity to manually increase the capacity of the ArrayList instance to reduce the number of incremental reallocations.

When the array is expanded, the elements in the old array will be copied to the new array. Each time the array capacity increases, it will be approximately 1.5 times its original capacity. **The cost of this operation is very high, so in actual use, we should try to avoid the expansion of the array capacity. When we can predict the number of elements to be saved, we need to specify its capacity when constructing the ArrayList instance to avoid array expansion. Or according to actual needs,

manually increase the capacity of the ArrayList instance by calling the ensureCapacity method.

private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) {
    ensureExplicitCapacity(calculateCapacity(elementData, minCapacity));}private static int calculateCapacity(Object[] elementData, int minCapacity) {
    //判断初始化的elementData是不是空的数组,也就是没有长度
    if (elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) {
        //因为如果是空的话,minCapacity=size+1;其实就是等于1,空的数组没有长度就存放不了
        //所以就将minCapacity变成10,也就是默认大小,但是在这里,还没有真正的初始化这个elementData的大小
        return Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity);
    }
    //确认实际的容量,上面只是将minCapacity=10,这个方法就是真正的判断elementData是否够用
    return minCapacity;}private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) {
    modCount++;
    //minCapacity如果大于了实际elementData的长度,那么就说明elementData数组的长度不够用
    /*第一种情况:由于elementData初始化时是空的数组,那么第一次add的时候,
    minCapacity=size+1;也就minCapacity=1,在上一个方法(确定内部容量ensureCapacityInternal)
    就会判断出是空的数组,就会给将minCapacity=10,到这一步为止,还没有改变elementData的大小。
    第二种情况:elementData不是空的数组了,那么在add的时候,minCapacity=size+1;也就是
    minCapacity代表着elementData中增加之后的实际数据个数,拿着它判断elementData的length
    是否够用,如果length不够用,那么肯定要扩大容量,不然增加的这个元素就会溢出。*/ 
    if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
        grow(minCapacity);}//ArrayList核心的方法,能扩展数组大小的真正秘密。private void grow(int minCapacity) {
    //将扩充前的elementData大小给oldCapacity
    int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
    //newCapacity就是1.5倍的oldCapacity
    int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
    /*这句话就是适应于elementData就空数组的时候,length=0,那么oldCapacity=0,newCapacity=0,
    所以这个判断成立,在这里就是真正的初始化elementData的大小了,就是为10.前面的工作都是准备工作。
    */
    if (newCapacity - minCapacity  0)
        newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
    //新的容量大小已经确定好就copy数组,改变容量大小。
    elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);}//用来赋最大值private static int hugeCapacity(int minCapacity) {
    if (minCapacity  MAX_ARRAY_SIZE) ?
        Integer.MAX_VALUE :
        MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;}
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3.5 add() method

/**
 * 添加一个特定的元素到list的末尾。
 * 先size+1判断数组容量是否够用,最后加入元素
 */public boolean add(E e) {
    ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1);  // Increments modCount!!
    elementData[size++] = e;
    return true;}/**
 * Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this
 * list. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and
 * any subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
 *
 * @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted
 * @param element element to be inserted
 * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
 */public void add(int index, E element) {
    //检查index也就是插入的位置是否合理。
    rangeCheckForAdd(index);
    //检查容量是否够用,不够就自动扩容
    ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1);  // Increments modCount!!
    //这个方法就是用来在插入元素之后,要将index之后的元素都往后移一位
    System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1,
                     size - index);
    elementData[index] = element;
    size++;}
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When the add() method is called, the actual function is called:

add→ensureCapacityInternal→ensureExplicitCapacity(→grow→hugeCapacity )

For example, after initializing an empty array and adding a value, the capacity will be automatically expanded first


Detailed analysis of Java collection framework

3.6 trimToSize()

The function of adjusting the capacity of the underlying array to the size of the actual elements saved in the current list

public void trimToSize() {
    modCount++;
    if (size 3.7 remove() method<h3></h3><p>remove()<code>The method also has two versions, one It is </code>remove(int index)<code>Remove the element at the specified position, and the other is</code>remove(Object o)<code>Delete the first one that satisfies </code>o.equals(elementData[index])<code>Elements. The deletion operation is the reverse process of the </code>add()<code> operation, which requires moving the element after the deletion point forward one position. It should be noted that in order for GC to work, the last position must be explicitly assigned a </code>null<code> value. </code></p><pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false">public E remove(int index) {
        rangeCheck(index);

        modCount++;
        E oldValue = elementData(index);

        int numMoved = size - index - 1;
        if (numMoved > 0)
            System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
                             numMoved);
        elementData[--size] = null; //清除该位置的引用,让GC起作用

        return oldValue;
    }
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3.8 Other methods

Here is a brief introduction to the core method. You can quickly understand other methods by viewing the source code

3.9 Fail-Fast mechanism

ArrayList adopts A fast failure mechanism is implemented by recording the

modCount parameter. When faced with concurrent modifications, the iterator will quickly fail completely and throw a ConcurrentModificationException exception, rather than risk arbitrary unspecified behavior at an unspecified time in the future

4. Summary

  • ArrayList can store null
  • ArrayList is essentially an elementData array
  • The difference between ArrayList and array is that it can automatically expand the size. The key method is the gorw() method
  • The difference between removeAll(collection c) and clear() in ArrayList is that removeAll can delete specified elements in batches, while clear deletes all elements in the collection
  • ArrayList is essentially an array, so it will be very fast in data query. However, in terms of insertion and deletion, the performance drops a lot, and a lot of data must be moved to achieve the desired effect.
  • ArrayList is implemented RandomAccess, so it is recommended to use a for loop when traversing it

3. LinkedList analysis

1. Use LinkedList

method Description
index position Must be between 0 and the number of elements in the list
The element taken out is of Object type, and the type conversion must be performed before use.
##void addFirst(Object o)Add an element to the beginning of the listvoid addLast(Object o)Add an element to the end of the list Object getFirst()Returns the first element in the listObject getLast()Returns the last element in the listObject removeFirst()Removes and returns the first element in the listObject removeLast()Delete and return the last element in the list

2、LinkedList介绍

LinkedList同时实现了List接口和Deque接口,也就是说它既可以看作一个顺序容器,又可以看作一个队列(Queue),同时又可以看作一个栈(Stack)。这样看来,LinkedList简直就是个全能冠军。当你需要使用栈或者队列时,可以考虑使用LinkedList,一方面是因为Java官方已经声明不建议使用Stack类,更遗憾的是,Java里根本没有一个叫做Queue_的类(它是个接口名字)。关于栈或队列,现在的首选是ArrayDeque,它有着比LinkedList(当作栈或队列使用时)有着更好的性能。

LinkedList的实现方式决定了所有跟下标相关的操作都是线性时间,而在首段或者末尾删除元素只需要常数时间。为追求效率LinkedList没有实现同步(synchronized),如果需要多个线程并发访问,可以先采用Collections.synchronizedList()方法对其进行包装

3、源码分析

3.1 继承结构与层次

public class LinkedList<e>
    extends AbstractSequentialList<e>
    implements List<e>, Deque<e>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable</e></e></e></e>
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Detailed analysis of Java collection framework
Detailed analysis of Java collection framework

这里可以发现LinkedList多了一层AbstractSequentialList的抽象类,这是为了减少实现顺序存取(例如LinkedList)这种类的工作。如果自己想实现顺序存取这种特性的类(就是链表形式),那么就继承 这个AbstractSequentialList抽象类,如果想像数组那样的随机存取的类,那么就去实现AbstracList抽象类。

  • List接口
    列表add、set等一些对列表进行操作的方法
  • Deque接口
    有队列的各种特性
  • Cloneable接口
    能够复制,使用那个copy方法
  • Serializable接口
    能够序列化。
  • 没有RandomAccess
    推荐使用iterator,在其中就有一个foreach,增强的for循环,其中原理也就是iterator,我们在使用的时候,使用foreach或者iterator

3.2 属性与构造方法

transient关键字修饰,这也意味着在序列化时该域是不会序列化的

//实际元素个数transient int size = 0;
//头结点transient Node<e> first;
//尾结点transient Node<e> last;</e></e>
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public LinkedList() {}public LinkedList(Collection extends E> c) {
    this();
    //将集合c中的各个元素构建成LinkedList链表
    addAll(c);}
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3.3 内部类Node

//根据前面介绍双向链表就知道这个代表什么了,linkedList的奥秘就在这里private static class Node<e> {
    // 数据域(当前节点的值)
    E item;
    //后继
    Node<e> next;
    //前驱
    Node<e> prev;
    // 构造函数,赋值前驱后继
    Node(Node<e> prev, E element, Node<e> next) {
        this.item = element;
        this.next = next;
        this.prev = prev;
    }}</e></e></e></e></e>
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3.4 核心方法add()和addAll()

public boolean add(E e) {
    linkLast(e);
    return true;}void linkLast(E e) {
    //临时节点l(L的小写)保存last,也就是l指向了最后一个节点
    final Node<e> l = last;
    //将e封装为节点,并且e.prev指向了最后一个节点
    final Node<e> newNode = new Node(l, e, null);
    //newNode成为了最后一个节点,所以last指向了它
    last = newNode;
    if (l == null)
        //判断是不是一开始链表中就什么都没有,如果没有,则new Node就成为了第一个结点,first和last都指向它
        first = newNode;
    else
        //正常的在最后一个节点后追加,那么原先的最后一个节点的next就要指向现在真正的 最后一个节点,原先的最后一个节点就变成了倒数第二个节点
        l.next = newNode;
    //添加一个节点,size自增
    size++;
    modCount++;}</e></e>
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addAll()有两个重载函数,addAll(Collection extends E>)型和addAll(int,Collection extends E>)型,我们平时习惯调用的addAll(Collection<?extends E>)型会转化为addAll(int,Collection extends<e>)</e>

public boolean addAll(Collection extends E> c) {
    return addAll(size, c);}public boolean addAll(int index, Collection extends E> c) {
    //检查index这个是否为合理
    checkPositionIndex(index);
    //将集合c转换为Object数组
    Object[] a = c.toArray();
    //数组a的长度numNew,也就是由多少个元素
    int numNew = a.length;
    if (numNew == 0)
        //如果空的就什么也不做
        return false;

    Node<e> pred, succ;
    //构造方法中传过来的就是index==size
    //情况一:构造方法创建的一个空的链表,那么size=0,last、和first都为null。linkedList中是空的。
    //什么节点都没有。succ=null、pred=last=null
    //情况二:链表中有节点,size就不是为0,first和last都分别指向第一个节点,和最后一个节点,
    //在最后一个节点之后追加元素,就得记录一下最后一个节点是什么,所以把last保存到pred临时节点中。
    //情况三index!=size,说明不是前面两种情况,而是在链表中间插入元素,那么就得知道index上的节点是谁,
    //保存到succ临时节点中,然后将succ的前一个节点保存到pred中,这样保存了这两个节点,就能够准确的插入节点了
    if (index == size) {
        succ = null;
        pred = last;
    } else {
        succ = node(index);
        pred = succ.prev;
    }

    for (Object o : a) {
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E e = (E) o;
        Node<e> newNode = new Node(pred, e, null);
        if (pred == null)
            first = newNode;
        else
            pred.next = newNode;
        pred = newNode;
    }

    if (succ == null) {
        /*如果succ==null,说明是情况一或者情况二,
        情况一、构造方法,也就是刚创建的一个空链表,pred已经是newNode了,
        last=newNode,所以linkedList的first、last都指向第一个节点。
        情况二、在最后节后之后追加节点,那么原先的last就应该指向现在的最后一个节点了,
        就是newNode。*/
        last = pred;
    } else {
        pred.next = succ;
        succ.prev = pred;
    }

    size += numNew;
    modCount++;
    return true;}//根据引下标找到该结点并返回Node<e> node(int index) {
    //判断插入的位置在链表前半段或者是后半段
    if (index > 1)) {
        Node<e> x = first;
        //从头结点开始正向遍历
        for (int i = 0; i  x = last;
        //从尾结点开始反向遍历
        for (int i = size - 1; i > index; i--)
            x = x.prev;
        return x;
    }}</e></e></e></e>
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3.5 remove()

/*如果我们要移除的值在链表中存在多个一样的值,那么我们
会移除index最小的那个,也就是最先找到的那个值,如果不存在这个值,那么什么也不做
*/public boolean remove(Object o) {
    if (o == null) {
        for (Node<e> x = first; x != null; x = x.next) {
            if (x.item == null) {
                unlink(x);
                return true;
            }
        }
    } else {
        for (Node<e> x = first; x != null; x = x.next) {
            if (o.equals(x.item)) {
                unlink(x);
                return true;
            }
        }
    }
    return false;}不能传一个null值E unlink(Node<e> x) {
    // assert x != null;
    final E element = x.item;
    final Node<e> next = x.next;
    final Node<e> prev = x.prev;

    if (prev == null) {
        first = next;
    } else {
        prev.next = next;
        x.prev = null;
    }

    if (next == null) {
        last = prev;
    } else {
        next.prev = prev;
        x.next = null;
    }
    //x的前后指向都为null了,也把item为null,让gc回收它
    x.item = null;
    size--;
    modCount++;
    return element;}</e></e></e></e></e>
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3.6 其他方法

**get(index)、indexOf(Object o)**等查看源码即可

3.7 LinkedList的迭代器

在LinkedList中除了有一个Node的内部类外,应该还能看到另外两个内部类,那就是ListItr,还有一个是DescendingIterator内部类

Detailed analysis of Java collection framework

/*这个类,还是调用的ListItr,作用是封装一下Itr中几个方法,让使用者以正常的思维去写代码,
例如,在从后往前遍历的时候,也是跟从前往后遍历一样,使用next等操作,而不用使用特殊的previous。
*/private class DescendingIterator implements Iterator<e> {
    private final ListItr itr = new ListItr(size());
    public boolean hasNext() {
        return itr.hasPrevious();
    }
    public E next() {
        return itr.previous();
    }
    public void remove() {
        itr.remove();
    }}</e>
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4、总结

  • linkedList本质上是一个双向链表,通过一个Node内部类实现的这种链表结构。linkedList能存储null值
  • 跟ArrayList相比较,就真正的知道了,LinkedList在删除和增加等操作上性能好,而ArrayList在查询的性能上好,从源码中看,它不存在容量不足的情况
  • linkedList不光能够向前迭代,还能像后迭代,并且在迭代的过程中,可以修改值、添加值、还能移除值
  • linkedList不光能当链表,还能当队列使用,这个就是因为实现了Deque接口

四、List总结

1、ArrayList和LinkedList区别

  • ArrayList底层是用数组实现的顺序表,是随机存取类型,可自动扩增,并且在初始化时,数组的长度是0,只有在增加元素时,长度才会增加。默认是10,不能无限扩增,有上限,在查询操作的时候性能更好
  • LinkedList底层是用链表来实现的,是一个双向链表,注意这里不是双向循环链表,顺序存取类型。在源码中,似乎没有元素个数的限制。应该能无限增加下去,直到内存满了在进行删除,增加操作时性能更好。

两个都是线程不安全的,在iterator时,会发生fail-fast:快速失效

2. The difference between ArrayList and Vector

  • ArrayList is thread-unsafe. When using iterator, fail-fast will occur
  • Vector is thread-safe because the Synchronized key is added before the method. word, fail-fast will also occur

3. The difference and situation description between fail-fast and fail-safe

All collections under java.util will fail. -fast, and what happens under java.util.concurrent is fail-safe

  • fail-fast
    Fast failure, such as in arrayList When using an iterator to traverse, another thread has made changes to the storage array of arrayList, such as add, delete, etc., which have caused structural changes, so the Iterator will quickly report a java.util.ConcurrentModificationExceptionException (concurrent modification exception), this is fast failure
  • fail-safe
    Safe failure, classes under java.util.concurrent, all It is a thread-safe class. During the iteration process, if a thread changes the structure, no exception will be reported, but it will be traversed normally. This is a safe failure.
  • Why in java.util. Will no exception be reported if there are structural changes to the collection under the concurrent package?
    When adding elements to the concurrent collection class, use Arrays.copyOf() to copy the copy and add elements to the copy. If other threads change the structure of the collection, That is also a change on the copy, rather than affecting the original collection. The iterator still traverses as usual. After the traversal is completed, the original reference is changed to point to the copy. So in a nutshell, if a class under this package is added or deleted, it will A copy appears. So it can prevent fail-fast. This mechanism will not go wrong, so we call this phenomenon fail-safe
  • vector is also thread-safe. Why is it fail-fast?
    Fail-safe appears because they implement different underlying mechanisms for additions and deletions. As mentioned above, there will be a copy, while the bottom layer of arrayList, linekdList, verctor, etc. is based on real references. Operation, that’s why an exception occurs

4. Why is it not recommended to use Vector now

  • The way to achieve thread safety in vector is to add a lock on each operation method. These locks are not necessary. In actual development, thread safety is generally achieved by locking a series of operations. That is to say, resources that need to be synchronized are locked together to ensure thread safety.
  • If Multiple Threads concurrently execute a locked method, but in this method, there is a Vector. Vector
    has been locked in its own implementation, so it is equivalent to locking and locking again, which will cause additional overhead.
  • Vector also has a fail-fast problem, which means it cannot guarantee traversal security. It requires additional locks during traversal, which is additional overhead. It is better to use arrayList directly and then lock it.

Summary: Vector will lock you when you don’t need thread safety, which will cause additional overhead, so it was abandoned after jdk1.5. Now if To use thread-safe collections, get the corresponding classes from the java.util.concurrent package.

5. HashMap Analysis

1. Introduction to HashMap

1.1 HashMap before Java8

is encapsulated into an entry object through key and value. Then the hash value of the entry is calculated based on the value of the key. The hash value of the entry and the length of the array are used to calculate where the entry is placed in the array. Each time the entry is stored, the entry is placed in the first position.

HashMap implements the Map interface, which allows elements with key to be null and also allows insertion of value to ## Elements of #null; except that this class does not implement synchronization, the rest are roughly the same as Hashtable; unlike TreeMap, this container does not guarantee the order of elements, and the container may re-hash the elements as needed. , the order of elements will also be re-shuffled, so the order of iterating the same HashMap at different times may be different. Depending on how conflicts are handled, there are two implementation methods for hash tables, one is the open addressing method (Open addressing), and the other is the conflict linked list method (Separate chaining with linked lists). Java7 HashMap uses the conflict linked list method.

Detailed analysis of Java collection framework

1.2 Java8后的HashMap

Java8 对 HashMap 进行了一些修改,最大的不同就是利用了红黑树,所以其由 数组+链表+红黑树 组成。根据 Java7 HashMap 的介绍,我们知道,查找的时候,根据 hash 值我们能够快速定位到数组的具体下标,但是之后的话,需要顺着链表一个个比较下去才能找到我们需要的,时间复杂度取决于链表的长度为 O(n)。为了降低这部分的开销,在 Java8 中,当链表中的元素达到了 8 个时,会将链表转换为红黑树,在这些位置进行查找的时候可以降低时间复杂度为 O(logN)
Detailed analysis of Java collection framework

Java7 中使用 Entry 来代表每个 HashMap 中的数据节点,Java8 中使用 Node,基本没有区别,都是 key,value,hash 和 next 这四个属性,不过,Node 只能用于链表的情况,红黑树的情况需要使用 TreeNode

2、Java8 HashMap源码分析

2.1 继承结构与层次

public class HashMap<k> extends AbstractMap<k>
    implements Map<k>, Cloneable, Serializable</k></k></k>
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Detailed analysis of Java collection framework

2.2 属性

//序列号private static final long serialVersionUID = 362498820763181265L;
//默认的初始容量static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1 [] table;
//存放具体元素的集transient Set<map.entry>> entrySet;
//存放元素的个数,注意这个不等于数组的长度transient int size;
//每次扩容和更改map结构的计数器transient int modCount;
//临界值,当实际大小(容量*填充因子)超过临界值时,会进行扩容int threshold;
//填充因子,计算HashMap的实时装载因子的方法为:size/capacityfinal float loadFactor;</map.entry>
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2.3 构造方法

public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
    // 初始容量不能小于0,否则报错
    if (initialCapacity  MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
        initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
    //填充因子不能小于或等于0,不能为非数字
    if (loadFactor >> 1;
    n |= n >>> 2;
    n |= n >>> 4;
    n |= n >>> 8;
    n |= n >>> 16;
    return (n = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ? MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : n + 1;}/**
 * 自定义初始容量,加载因子为默认
 */public HashMap(int initialCapacity) {
    this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);}/**
 * 使用默认的加载因子等字段
 */public HashMap() {
    this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR; // all other fields defaulted}public HashMap(Map extends K, ? extends V> m) {
    //初始化填充因子
    this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR;
    //将m中的所有元素添加至HashMap中
    putMapEntries(m, false);}//将m的所有元素存入该实例final void putMapEntries(Map extends K, ? extends V> m, boolean evict) {
    int s = m.size();
    if (s > 0) {
        //判断table是否已经初始化
        if (table == null) { // pre-size
            //未初始化,s为m的实际元素个数
            float ft = ((float)s / loadFactor) + 1.0F;
            int t = ((ft  threshold)
                threshold = tableSizeFor(t);
        }
        else if (s > threshold)
            resize();
        //将m中的所有元素添加至HashMap中
        for (Map.Entry extends K, ? extends V> e : m.entrySet()) {
            K key = e.getKey();
            V value = e.getValue();
            putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, evict);
        }
    }}
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2.4 核心方法

put()方法

先计算key的hash值,然后根据hash值搜索在table数组中的索引位置,如果table数组在该位置处有元素,则查找是否存在相同的key,若存在则覆盖原来key的value,否则将该元素保存在链表尾部,注意JDK1.7中采用的是头插法,即每次都将冲突的键值对放置在链表头,这样最初的那个键值对最终就会成为链尾,而JDK1.8中使用的是尾插法。此外,若table在该处没有元素,则直接保存。

public V put(K key, V value) {
    return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);}final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
               boolean evict) {
    Node<k>[] tab; Node<k> p; int n, i;
    //第一次put元素时,table数组为空,先调用resize生成一个指定容量的数组
    if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
        n = (tab = resize()).length;
    //hash值和n-1的与运算结果为桶的位置,如果该位置空就直接放置一个Node
    if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
        tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
    //如果计算出的bucket不空,即发生哈希冲突,就要进一步判断
    else {
        Node<k> e; K k;
        //判断当前Node的key与要put的key是否相等
        if (p.hash == hash &&
            ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
            e = p;
        //判断当前Node是否是红黑树的节点
        else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
            e = ((TreeNode<k>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
        //以上都不是,说明要new一个Node,加入到链表中
        else {
            for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
              //在链表尾部插入新节点,注意jdk1.8是在链表尾部插入新节点
                if ((e = p.next) == null) {
                    p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
                    // 如果当前链表中的元素大于树化的阈值,进行链表转树的操作
                    if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
                        treeifyBin(tab, hash);
                    break;
                }
                //在链表中继续判断是否已经存在完全相同的key
                if (e.hash == hash &&
                    ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                    break;
                p = e;
            }
        }
        //走到这里,说明本次put是更新一个已存在的键值对的value
        if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key
            V oldValue = e.value;
            if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
                e.value = value;
            //在hashMap中,afterNodeAccess方法体为空,交给子类去实现
            afterNodeAccess(e);
            return oldValue;
        }
    }
    ++modCount;
    //如果当前size超过临界值,就扩容。注意是先插入节点再扩容
    if (++size > threshold)
        resize();
    //在hashMap中,afterNodeInsertion方法体为空,交给子类去实现
    afterNodeInsertion(evict);
    return null;}</k></k></k></k>
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resize() 数组扩容

用于初始化数组或数组扩容,每次扩容后,容量为原来的 2 倍,并进行数据迁移

final Node<k>[] resize() {
    Node<k>[] oldTab = table;
    int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length;
    int oldThr = threshold;
    int newCap, newThr = 0;
    if (oldCap > 0) { // 对应数组扩容
        if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
            threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
            return oldTab;
        }
        // 将数组大小扩大一倍
        else if ((newCap = oldCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)
            // 将阈值扩大一倍
            newThr = oldThr  0) // 对应使用 new HashMap(int initialCapacity) 初始化后,第一次 put 的时候
        newCap = oldThr;
    else {// 对应使用 new HashMap() 初始化后,第一次 put 的时候
        newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
        newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);
    }

    if (newThr == 0) {
        float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor;
        newThr = (newCap [] newTab = (Node<k>[])new Node[newCap];
    table = newTab; // 如果是初始化数组,到这里就结束了,返回 newTab 即可

    if (oldTab != null) {
        // 开始遍历原数组,进行数据迁移。
        for (int j = 0; j  e;
            if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {
                oldTab[j] = null;
                // 如果该数组位置上只有单个元素,那就简单了,简单迁移这个元素就可以了
                if (e.next == null)
                    newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;
                // 如果是红黑树,具体我们就不展开了
                else if (e instanceof TreeNode)
                    ((TreeNode<k>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap);
                else { 
                    // 这块是处理链表的情况,
                    // 需要将此链表拆成两个链表,放到新的数组中,并且保留原来的先后顺序
                    // loHead、loTail 对应一条链表,hiHead、hiTail 对应另一条链表,代码还是比较简单的
                    Node<k> loHead = null, loTail = null;
                    Node<k> hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
                    Node<k> next;
                    do {
                        next = e.next;
                        if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
                            if (loTail == null)
                                loHead = e;
                            else
                                loTail.next = e;
                            loTail = e;
                        }
                        else {
                            if (hiTail == null)
                                hiHead = e;
                            else
                                hiTail.next = e;
                            hiTail = e;
                        }
                    } while ((e = next) != null);
                    if (loTail != null) {
                        loTail.next = null;
                        // 第一条链表
                        newTab[j] = loHead;
                    }
                    if (hiTail != null) {
                        hiTail.next = null;
                        // 第二条链表的新的位置是 j + oldCap,这个很好理解
                        newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    return newTab;}</k></k></k></k></k></k></k>
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get()过程

public V get(Object key) {
    Node<k> e;
    return (e = getNode(hash(key), key)) == null ? null : e.value;}final Node<k> getNode(int hash, Object key) {
    Node<k>[] tab; Node<k> first, e; int n; K k;
    if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
        (first = tab[(n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
        // 判断第一个节点是不是就是需要的
        if (first.hash == hash && // always check first node
            ((k = first.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
            return first;
        if ((e = first.next) != null) {
            // 判断是否是红黑树
            if (first instanceof TreeNode)
                return ((TreeNode<k>)first).getTreeNode(hash, key);

            // 链表遍历
            do {
                if (e.hash == hash &&
                    ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                    return e;
            } while ((e = e.next) != null);
        }
    }
    return null;}</k></k></k></k></k>
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2.5 其他方法

HashSet是对HashMap的简单包装,其他还有迭代器等

3、总结

关于数组扩容,从putVal源代码中我们可以知道,当插入一个元素的时候size就加1,若size大于threshold的时候,就会进行扩容。假设我们的capacity大小为32,loadFator为0.75,则threshold为24 = 32 * 0.75,此时,插入了25个元素,并且插入的这25个元素都在同一个桶中,桶中的数据结构为红黑树,则还有31个桶是空的,也会进行扩容处理,其实此时,还有31个桶是空的,好像似乎不需要进行扩容处理,但是是需要扩容处理的,因为此时我们的capacity大小可能不适当。我们前面知道,扩容处理会遍历所有的元素,时间复杂度很高;前面我们还知道,经过一次扩容处理后,元素会更加均匀的分布在各个桶中,会提升访问效率。所以说尽量避免进行扩容处理,也就意味着,遍历元素所带来的坏处大于元素在桶中均匀分布所带来的好处。

  • HashMap在JDK1.8以前是一个链表散列这样一个数据结构,而在JDK1.8以后是一个数组加链表加红黑树的数据结构
  • 通过源码的学习,HashMap是一个能快速通过key获取到value值得一个集合,原因是内部使用的是hash查找值得方法

另外LinkedHashMap是HashMap的直接子类,二者唯一的区别是LinkedHashMap在HashMap的基础上,采用双向链表(doubly-linked list)的形式将所有**entry**连接起来,这样是为保证元素的迭代顺序跟插入顺序相同

六、Collections工具类

1、概述

此类完全由在 collection 上进行操作或返回 collection 的静态方法组成。它包含在 collection 上操作的多态算法,即“包装器”,包装器返回由指定 collection 支持的新 collection,以及少数其他内容。如果为此类的方法所提供的 collection 或类对象为 null,则这些方法都将抛出NullPointerException

2、排序常用方法

//反转列表中元素的顺序
static void reverse(List> list)
//对List集合元素进行随机排序
static void shuffle(List> list)
//根据元素的自然顺序 对指定列表按升序进行排序
static void sort(List<t> list)
//根据指定比较器产生的顺序对指定列表进行排序
static <t> void sort(List<t> list, Comparator super T> c)
//在指定List的指定位置i,j处交换元素
static void swap(List> list, int i, int j)
//当distance为正数时,将List集合的后distance个元素“整体”移到前面;当distance为负数时,将list集合的前distance个元素“整体”移到后边。该方法不会改变集合的长度
static void rotate(List> list, int distance)</t></t></t>
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3、查找、替换操作

//使用二分搜索法搜索指定列表,以获得指定对象在List集合中的索引
//注意:此前必须保证List集合中的元素已经处于有序状态
static <t> int binarySearch(List extends Comparable super T>>list, T key)
//根据元素的自然顺序,返回给定collection 的最大元素
static Object max(Collection coll)
//根据指定比较器产生的顺序,返回给定 collection 的最大元素
static Object max(Collection coll,Comparator comp):
//根据元素的自然顺序,返回给定collection 的最小元素
static Object min(Collection coll):
//根据指定比较器产生的顺序,返回给定 collection 的最小元素
static Object min(Collection coll,Comparator comp):
//使用指定元素替换指定列表中的所有元素
static <t> void fill(List super T> list,T obj)
//返回指定co1lection中等于指定对象的出现次数
static int frequency(collection>c,object o)
//返回指定源列表中第一次出现指定目标列表的起始位置;如果没有出现这样的列表,则返回-1
static int indexofsubList(List>source, List>target)
//返回指定源列表中最后一次出现指定目标列表的起始位置;如果没有出现这样的列表,则返回-1
static int lastIndexofsubList(List>source,List>target)
//使用一个新值替换List对象的所有旧值o1dval
static <t> boolean replaceA1l(list<t> list,T oldval,T newval)</t></t></t></t>
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4、同步控制

Collectons提供了多个synchronizedXxx()方法,该方法可以将指定集合包装成线程同步的集合,从而解决多线程并发访问集合时的线程安全问题。正如前面介绍的HashSet,TreeSet,arrayList,LinkedList,HashMap,TreeMap都是线程不安全的。Collections提供了多个静态方法可以把他们包装成线程同步的集合。

//返回指定 Collection 支持的同步(线程安全的)collection
static <T> Collection<T> synchronizedCollection(Collection<T> c)
//返回指定列表支持的同步(线程安全的)列表
static <T> List<T> synchronizedList(List<T> list)
//返回由指定映射支持的同步(线程安全的)映射
static <K,V> Map<K,V> synchronizedMap(Map<K,V> m)
//返回指定 set 支持的同步(线程安全的)set
static <T> Set<T> synchronizedSet(Set<T> s)
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5、Collection设置不可变集合

//返回一个空的、不可变的集合对象,此处的集合既可以是List,也可以是Set,还可以是Map。
emptyXxx()
//返回一个只包含指定对象(只有一个或一个元素)的不可变的集合对象,此处的集合可以是:List,Set,Map。
singletonXxx():
//返回指定集合对象的不可变视图,此处的集合可以是:List,Set,Map
unmodifiableXxx()
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