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What is a decorator in es6

青灯夜游
Release: 2022-03-23 13:58:31
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In es6, decorator (Decorator) is a syntax related to a class (class), used to annotate or modify classes and class methods; the decorator is actually a function executed at compile time, the syntax " @functionname", usually placed before the definition of classes and class methods. There are two types of decorators: class decorators and class method decorators.

What is a decorator in es6

The operating environment of this tutorial: Windows 7 system, ECMAScript version 6, Dell G3 computer.

The Decorator Pattern allows adding new functionality to an existing object without changing its structure. This type of design pattern is a structural pattern, which acts as a wrapper around an existing class.

This mode creates a decoration class to wrap the original class and provide additional functionality while maintaining the integrity of the class method signature.

ES6 Decorator

In ES6, decorator (Decorator) is a class-related syntax used to annotate or modify classes and class methods.

A decorator is actually a function, usually placed in front of classes and class methods.

The decorator changes the behavior of the class when the code is compiled, not at runtime; the essence of the decorator is the function executed during compilation

Decorators can be used to decorate Entire class

@decorateClass
class Example {
    @decorateMethods
    method(){}
}
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在上面的代码中使用了两个装饰器,其中 @decorateClass() 装饰器用在类本身,用于增加或修改类的功能;@decorateMethods() 装饰器用在类的方法,用于注释或修改类方法。

两种类型装饰器

装饰器只能用于类和类的方法,不能用于函数,因为存在函数提升。

装饰器只能用于类和类的方法,下面我们分别看下两种类型的装饰器的使用

1、类装饰器

类装饰器用来装饰整个类

类装饰器的参数

target: 类本身,也相当于是 类的构造函数:Class.prototype.constructor。

@decorateClass
class Example {
    //...
}

function decorateClass(target) {
    target.isTestClass = true
}
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如上面代码中,装饰器 @decorateClass 修改了 Example 整个类的行为,为 Example 类添加了静态属性 isTestClass。装饰器就是一个函数,decorateClass 函数中的参数 target 就是 Example 类本身,也相当于是类的构造函数 Example.prototype.constructor.

装饰器传参

上面实现的装饰器在使用时是不能传入参数的,如果想要在使用装饰器是传入参数,可以在装饰器外面再封装一层函数

@decorateClass(true)
class Example {
    //...
}

function decorateClass(isTestClass) {
    return function(target) {
  target.isTestClass = isTestClass
  }
}
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上面代码中实现的装饰器在使用时可以传递参数,这样就可以根据不同的场景来修改装饰器的行为。

实际开发中,React 与 Redux 库结合使用时,常常需要写成下面这样。

class MyReactComponent extends React.Component {}
export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(MyReactComponent);
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有了装饰器,就可以改写上面的代码。

@connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)
export default class MyReactComponent extends React.Component {}
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2、类方法装饰器

类方法装饰器用来装饰类的方法

类方法装饰器的参数

  • target:

  • 装饰器修饰的类方法是静态方法:target 为类的构造函数

  • 装饰器修饰的类方法是实例方法:target 为类的原型对象

  • method:被修饰的类方法的名称

  • descriptor:被修饰成员的属性描述符

// descriptor对象原来的值如下
{
  value: specifiedFunction,
  enumerable: false,
  configurable: true,
  writable: true
};
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class Example {
    @log
    instanceMethod() { }

    @log
    static staticMethod() { }
}

function log(target, methodName, descriptor) {
  const oldValue = descriptor.value;

  descriptor.value = function() {
    console.log(`Calling ${name} with`, arguments);
    return oldValue.apply(this, arguments);
  };

  return descriptor;
}
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如上面代码中,装饰器 @log 分别装饰了实例方法 instanceMethod 和 静态方法 staticMethod。@log 装饰器的作用是在执行原始的操作之前,执行 console.log 来输出日志。

类方法装饰器传参

上面实现的装饰器在使用时是不能传入参数的,如果想要在使用装饰器是传入参数,可以在装饰器外面再封装一层函数

class Example {
    @log(1)
    instanceMethod() { }

    @log(2)
    static staticMethod() { }
}

function log(id) {
    return (target, methodName, descriptor) => {
    const oldValue = descriptor.value;

    descriptor.value = function() {
      console.log(`Calling ${name} with`, arguments, `this id is ${id}`);
      return oldValue.apply(this, arguments);
    };

    return descriptor;
  }
}
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上面代码中实现的装饰器在使用时可以传递参数,这样就可以根据不同的场景来修改装饰器的行为。

类装饰器与类方法装饰器的执行顺序

如果在一个类中,同时使用装饰器修饰类和类的方法,那么装饰器的执行顺序是:先执行类方法的装饰器,再执行类装饰器。

如果同一个类或同一个类方法有多个装饰器,会像剥洋葱一样,先从外到内进入,然后由内到外执行。

// 类装饰器
function decoratorClass(id){
    console.log('decoratorClass evaluated', id);

    return (target) => {
        // target 类的构造函数
        console.log('target 类的构造函数:',target)
        console.log('decoratorClass executed', id);
    }
}
// 方法装饰器
function decoratorMethods(id){
    console.log('decoratorMethods evaluated', id);
    return (target, property, descriptor) => {
        // target 代表

        // process.nextTick((() => {
            target.abc = 123
            console.log('method target',target)
        // }))
        console.log('decoratorMethods executed', id);

    }
}

@decoratorClass(1)
@decoratorClass(2)
class Example {
    @decoratorMethods(1)
    @decoratorMethods(2)
    method(){}
}

/** 输入日志 **/
// decoratorMethods evaluated 1
// decoratorMethods evaluated 2
// method target Example { abc: 123 }
// decoratorMethods executed 2
// method target Example { abc: 123 }
// decoratorMethods executed 1
// decoratorClass evaluated 1
// decoratorClass evaluated 2
// target 类的构造函数: [Function: Example]
// decoratorClass executed 2
// target 类的构造函数: [Function: Example]
// decoratorClass executed 1
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如上面代码中,会先执行类方法的装饰器 @decoratorMethods(1) 和 @decoratorMethods(2),执行完后再执行类装饰器 @decoratorClass(1) 和 @decoratorClass(2)

上面代码中的类方法装饰器中,外层装饰器 @decoratorMethods(1) 先进入,但是内层装饰器 @decoratorMethods(2) 先执行。类装饰器同理。

利用装饰器实现AOP切面编程

function log(target, name, descriptor) {
    var oldValue = descriptor.value;

    descriptor.value = function () {
        console.log(`Calling "${name}" with`, arguments);
        return oldValue.apply(null, arguments);
    }
    return descriptor;
}

// 日志应用
class Maths {
    @log
    add(a, b) {
        return a + b;
    }
}
const math = new Maths();
// passed parameters should get logged now
math.add(2, 4);
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