How to customize components in WeChat mini program? The following article will introduce to you how to customize components in WeChat mini programs. I hope it will be helpful to you!
During the development process of WeChat applet, some page modules that may be used on multiple pages can be encapsulated into a component to improve development efficiency. Although we can introduce the entire component library such as weui, vant, etc., sometimes considering the package size limit of WeChat applet, it is usually more controllable to encapsulate it as a custom component.
And for some business modules, we can encapsulate them as components for reuse. This article mainly talks about the following two aspects:
The bottom layer of the component system of the WeChat mini program is implemented through the Exparser component framework, which is built into the basic library of the mini program. All components in the mini program include built-in components and custom components. All managed by the Exparser organization.
Custom components include the following files just like writing pages:
Take writing a tab component as an example:
When writing a custom component, you need to set the component field in the json file to true:
{
"component": true
} in js In the file, the basic library provides two constructors, Page and Component. The page corresponding to Page is the page root component, and the Component corresponds to:
Component({
options: { // 组件配置
addGlobalClass: true,
// 指定所有 _ 开头的数据字段为纯数据字段
// 纯数据字段是一些不用于界面渲染的 data 字段，可以用于提升页面更新性能
pureDataPattern: /^_/,
multipleSlots: true // 在组件定义时的选项中启用多slot支持
},
properties: {
vtabs: {type: Array, value: []},
},
data: {
currentView: 0,
},
observers: { // 监测
activeTab: function(activeTab) {
this.scrollTabBar(activeTab);
}
},
relations: { // 关联的子/父组件
'../vtabs-content/index': {
type: 'child', // 关联的目标节点应为子节点
linked: function(target) {
this.calcVtabsCotentHeight(target);
},
unlinked: function(target) {
delete this.data._contentHeight[target.data.tabIndex];
}
}
},
lifetimes: { // 组件声明周期
created: function() {
// 组件实例刚刚被创建好时
},
attached: function() {
// 在组件实例进入页面节点树时执行
},
detached: function() {
// 在组件实例被从页面节点树移除时执行
},
},
methods: { // 组件方法
calcVtabsCotentHeight(target) {}
}
});If you have friends who know Vue2, you will find this statement very familiar. .
When the mini program is started, the constructor will
write the properties, data, methods and other definition sections set by the developer into the component registry of Exparser. When this component is referenced by other components, it can create instances of custom components based on these registration information.
Template file wxml:
<view class='vtabs'>
<slot />
</view>Style file:
.vtabs {} To use external page components, you only need to introduce into the json
{
"navigationBarTitleText": "商品分类",
"usingComponents": {
"vtabs": "../../../components/vtabs",
}
}When initializing the page, Exparser will create an instance of the page root component, and other components used will also respond by creating component instances (this is a recursive process):
The process of component creation There are roughly the following points:
According to the component registration information, create the JS object of the component node from the component prototype, that is, the component's this；
Copy the data in the component registration information as the component data, that is, this.data;
Combine this data with the component WXML, and create a Shadow Tree (node tree of the component), because Shadow Tree may reference other components, so this will recursively trigger the creation process of other components;
Splice ShadowTree to Composed Tree (finally spliced page node tree), and generate some cache data to optimize component update performance;
trigger the created life cycle function of the component;
If it is not the page root component, you need to set the attribute value of the component according to the attribute definition on the component node;
When the component instance is displayed on the page When up, the attached life cycle function of the component is triggered. If there are other components in Shadow Tree, their life cycle functions are also triggered one by one.
Due to business responsibilities, we often need to split a large page into multiple components. Data communication is required between them.
For cross-generation component communication, global state management can be considered. Here we only discuss common parent-child component communication:
Method 1 WXML data binding
Used by the parent component to set data to the specified properties of the child component.
Child declaration properties
Component({
properties: {
vtabs: {type: Array, value: []}, // 数据项格式为 `{title}`
}
})Parent component call:
<vtabs vtabs="{{ vtabs }}"</vtabs>Method 2 event
Use For child components to pass data to parent components, any data can be passed.
To dispatch events from a subcomponent, first bind the click event of the subcomponent in the wxml structure:
<view bindtap="handleTabClick">
Then dispatch the event in the js file. The event name can be customized. The second parameter can pass the data object, and the third parameter is the event option.
handleClick(e) {
this.triggerEvent(
'tabclick',
{ index },
{
bubbles: false, // 事件是否冒泡
// 事件是否可以穿越组件边界，为 false 时，事件只在引用组件的节点树上触发，
// 不进入其他任何组件的内部
composed: false,
capturePhase: false // 事件是否拥有捕获阶段
}
);
},
handleChange(e) {
this.triggerEvent('tabchange', { index });
},Finally, listen in the parent component and use:
<vtabs
vtabs="{{ vtabs }}"
bindtabclick="handleTabClick"
bindtabchange="handleTabChange"
>Method three selectComponent to get the component instance object
Pass# The ##selectComponent method can obtain the instance of the subcomponent and thus call the method of the subcomponent.
<view>
<vtabs-content="goods-content{{ index }}"></vtabs-content>
</view>Page({
reCalcContentHeight(index) {
const goodsContent = this.selectComponent(`#goods-content${index}`);
},
})#the-id（笔者只测试了这个，其他读者可自行测试）.a-class.another-class.the-parent > .the-child.the-ancestor .the-descendant.the-ancestor >>> .the-descendant#a-node, .some-other-nodes方法四 url 参数通信
在电商/物流等微信小程序中，会存在这样的用户故事，有一个「下单页面A」和「货物信息页面B」
微信小程序由一个 App() 实例和多个 Page() 组成。小程序框架以栈的方式维护页面（最多10个） 提供了以下 API 进行页面跳转，页面路由如下
wx.navigateTo（只能跳转位于栈内的页面）
wx.redirectTo（可跳转位于栈外的新页面，并替代当前页面）
wx.navigateBack（返回上一层页面，不能携带参数）
wx.switchTab（切换 Tab 页面，不支持 url 参数）
wx.reLaunch（小程序重启）
可以简单封装一个 jumpTo 跳转函数，并传递参数：
export function jumpTo(url, options) {
const baseUrl = url.split('?')[0];
// 如果 url 带了参数，需要把参数也挂载到 options 上
if (url.indexof('?') !== -1) {
const { queries } = resolveUrl(url);
Object.assign(options, queries, options); // options 的优先级最高
}
cosnt queryString = objectEntries(options)
.filter(item => item[1] || item[0] === 0) // 除了数字 0 外，其他非值都过滤
.map(
([key, value]) => {
if (typeof value === 'object') {
// 对象转字符串
value = JSON.stringify(value);
}
if (typeof value === 'string') {
// 字符串 encode
value = encodeURIComponent(value);
}
return `${key}=${value}`;
}
).join('&');
if (queryString) { // 需要组装参数
url = `${baseUrl}?${queryString}`;
}
const pageCount = wx.getCurrentPages().length;
if (jumpType === 'navigateTo' && pageCount < 5) {
wx.navigateTo({
url,
fail: () => {
wx.switch({ url: baseUrl });
}
});
} else {
wx.navigateTo({
url,
fail: () => {
wx.switch({ url: baseUrl });
}
});
}
}jumpTo 辅助函数：
export const resolveSearch = search => {
const queries = {};
cosnt paramList = search.split('&');
paramList.forEach(param => {
const [key, value = ''] = param.split('=');
queries[key] = value;
});
return queries;
};
export const resolveUrl = (url) => {
if (url.indexOf('?') === -1) {
// 不带参数的 url
return {
queries: {},
page: url
}
}
const [page, search] = url.split('?');
const queries = resolveSearch(search);
return {
page,
queries
};
};在「下单页面A」传递数据：
jumpTo({
url: 'pages/consignment/index',
{
sender: { name: 'naluduo233' }
}
});在「货物信息页面B」获得 URL 参数：
const sender = JSON.parse(getParam('sender') || '{}');url 参数获取辅助函数
// 返回当前页面
export function getCurrentPage() {
const pageStack = wx.getCurrentPages();
const lastIndex = pageStack.length - 1;
const currentPage = pageStack[lastIndex];
return currentPage;
}
// 获取页面 url 参数
export function getParams() {
const currentPage = getCurrentPage() || {};
const allParams = {};
const { route, options } = currentPage;
if (options) {
const entries = objectEntries(options);
entries.forEach(
([key, value]) => {
allParams[key] = decodeURIComponent(value);
}
);
}
return allParams;
}
// 按字段返回值
export function getParam(name) {
const params = getParams() || {};
return params[name];
}参数过长怎么办？路由 api 不支持携带参数呢？
虽然微信小程序官方文档没有说明可以页面携带的参数有多长，但还是可能会有参数过长被截断的风险。
我们可以使用全局数据记录参数值，同时解决 url 参数过长和路由 api 不支持携带参数的问题。
// global-data.js
// 由于 switchTab 不支持携带参数，所以需要考虑使用全局数据存储
// 这里不管是不是 switchTab，先把数据挂载上去
const queryMap = {
page: '',
queries: {}
};更新跳转函数
export function jumpTo(url, options) {
// ...
Object.assign(queryMap, {
page: baseUrl,
queries: options
});
// ...
if (jumpType === 'switchTab') {
wx.switchTab({ url: baseUrl });
} else if (jumpType === 'navigateTo' && pageCount < 5) {
wx.navigateTo({
url,
fail: () => {
wx.switch({ url: baseUrl });
}
});
} else {
wx.navigateTo({
url,
fail: () => {
wx.switch({ url: baseUrl });
}
});
}
}url 参数获取辅助函数
// 获取页面 url 参数
export function getParams() {
const currentPage = getCurrentPage() || {};
const allParams = {};
const { route, options } = currentPage;
if (options) {
const entries = objectEntries(options);
entries.forEach(
([key, value]) => {
allParams[key] = decodeURIComponent(value);
}
);
+ if (isTabBar(route)) {
+ // 是 tab-bar 页面，使用挂载到全局的参数
+ const { page, queries } = queryMap;
+ if (page === `${route}`) {
+ Object.assign(allParams, queries);
+ }
+ }
}
return allParams;
}辅助函数
// 判断当前路径是否是 tabBar
const { tabBar} = appConfig;
export isTabBar = (route) => tabBar.list.some(({ pagePath })) => pagePath === route);按照这样的逻辑的话，是不是都不用区分是否是 isTabBar 页面了，全部页面都从 queryMap 中获取？这个问题目前后续探究再下结论，因为我目前还没试过从页面实例的 options 中拿到的值是缺少的。所以可以先保留读取 getCurrentPages 的值。
方法五 EventChannel 事件派发通信
前面我谈到从「当前页面A」传递数据到被打开的「页面B」可以通过 url 参数。那么想获取被打开页面传送到当前页面的数据要如何做呢？是否也可以通过 url 参数呢？
答案是可以的，前提是不需要保存「页面A」的状态。如果要保留「页面 A」的状态，就需要使用 navigateBack 返回上一页，而这个 api 是不支持携带 url 参数的。
这样时候可以使用 页面间事件通信通道 EventChannel。
pageA 页面
//
wx.navigateTo({
url: 'pageB?id=1',
events: {
// 为指定事件添加一个监听器，获取被打开页面传送到当前页面的数据
acceptDataFromOpenedPage: function(data) {
console.log(data)
},
},
success: function(res) {
// 通过eventChannel向被打开页面传送数据
res.eventChannel.emit('acceptDataFromOpenerPage', { data: 'test' })
}
});pageB 页面
Page({
onLoad: function(option){
const eventChannel = this.getOpenerEventChannel()
eventChannel.emit('acceptDataFromOpenedPage', {data: 'test'});
// 监听acceptDataFromOpenerPage事件，获取上一页面通过eventChannel传送到当前页面的数据
eventChannel.on('acceptDataFromOpenerPage', function(data) {
console.log(data)
})
}
})会出现数据无法监听的情况吗？
小程序的栈不超过 10 层，如果当前「页面A」不是第 10 层，那么可以使用 navigateTo 跳转保留当前页面，跳转到「页面B」，这个时候「页面B」填写完毕后传递数据给「页面A」时，「页面A」是可以监听到数据的。
如果当前「页面A」已经是第10个页面，只能使用 redirectTo 跳转「PageB」页面。结果是当前「页面A」出栈，新「页面B」入栈。这个时候将「页面B」传递数据给「页面A」，调用 navigateBack 是无法回到目标「页面A」的，因此数据是无法正常被监听到。
不过我分析做过的小程序中，栈中很少有10层的情况，5 层的也很少。因为调用 wx.navigateBack 、wx.redirectTo 会关闭当前页面，调用 wx.switchTab 会关闭其他所有非 tabBar 页面。
所以很少会出现这样无法回到上一页面以监听到数据的情况，如果真出现这种情况，首先要考虑的不是数据的监听问题了，而是要保证如何能够返回上一页面。
比如在「PageA」页面中先调用 getCurrentPages 获取页面的数量，再把其他的页面删除，之后在跳转「PageB」页面，这样就避免「PageA」调用 wx.redirectTo导致关闭「PageA」。但是官方是不推荐开发者手动更改页面栈的，需要慎重。
如果有读者遇到这种情况，并知道如何解决这种的话，麻烦告知下，感谢。
使用自定义的事件中心 EventBus
除了使用官方提供的 EventChannel 外，我们也可以自定义一个全局的 EventBus 事件中心。
因为这样更加灵活，不需要在调用 wx.navigateTo 等APi里传入参数，多平台的迁移性更强。
export default class EventBus {
private defineEvent = {};
// 注册事件
public register(event: string, cb): void {
if(!this.defineEvent[event]) {
(this.defineEvent[event] = [cb]);
}
else {
this.defineEvent[event].push(cb);
}
}
// 派遣事件
public dispatch(event: string, arg?: any): void {
if(this.defineEvent[event]) {{
for(let i=0, len = this.defineEvent[event].length; i<len; ++i) {
this.defineEvent[event][i] && this.defineEvent[event][i](arg);
}
}}
}
// on 监听
public on(event: string, cb): void {
return this.register(event, cb);
}
// off 方法
public off(event: string, cb?): void {
if(this.defineEvent[event]) {
if(typeof(cb) == "undefined") {
delete this.defineEvent[event]; // 表示全部删除
} else {
// 遍历查找
for(let i=0, len=this.defineEvent[event].length; i<len; ++i) {
if(cb == this.defineEvent[event][i]) {
this.defineEvent[event][i] = null; // 标记为空 - 防止dispath 长度变化
// 延时删除对应事件
setTimeout(() => this.defineEvent[event].splice(i, 1), 0);
break;
}
}
}
}
}
// once 方法，监听一次
public once(event: string, cb): void {
let onceCb = arg => {
cb && cb(arg);
this.off(event, onceCb);
}
this.register(event, onceCb);
}
// 清空所有事件
public clean(): void {
this.defineEvent = {};
}
}
export connst eventBus = new EventBus();在 PageA 页面监听：
eventBus.on('update', (data) => console.log(data));
在 PageB 页面派发
eventBus.dispatch('someEvent', { name: 'naluduo233'});本文主要讨论了微信小程序如何自定义组件，涉及两个方面：
如果你使用的是 taro 的话，直接按照 react 的语法自定义组件就好。而其中的组件通信的话，因为 taro 最终也是会编译为微信小程序，所以 url 和 eventbus 的页面组件通信方式是适用的。后续会分析 vant-ui weapp 的一些组件源码，看看有赞是如何实践的。
感谢阅读，如有错误的地方请指出
【相关学习推荐：小程序开发教程】
The above is the detailed content of A brief analysis of the methods of customizing components in WeChat mini programs. For more information, please follow other related articles on the PHP Chinese website!
![[Web front-end] Node.js quick start](https://img.php.cn/upload/course/000/000/067/662b5d34ba7c0227.png)
