Do you understand the vue diff algorithm? Principle analysis

The diff algorithm is an efficient algorithm that compares tree nodes at the same level, avoiding the need to search and traverse the tree layer by layer. So how much do you know about the diff algorithm? The following article will give you an in-depth analysis of the diff algorithm of vue. I hope it will be helpful to you!

1. What is

diff The algorithm is a comparison of tree nodes at the same level efficient algorithm. (Learning video sharing: vue video tutorial)

It has two characteristics:

• Comparisons will only be performed at the same level, and will not be compared across levels
• During the diff comparison process, the loop compares from both sides to the middle

diff The algorithm is applied in many scenarios, in vue, acts on the virtual dom and renders the old and new VNode nodes into the real dom Node comparison

2. Comparison method

diffThe overall strategy is: depth first, comparison at the same level

• Comparisons will only be performed at the same level, and will not be compared across levels

• ## During the comparison process, the loop shrinks from both sides to the middle

The following is an example of

vue updated through the diff algorithm:

New and old

VNode nodes are as shown below:

After the first cycle, it is found that the old node D is the same as the new node D, and the old node D is directly reused as the first one after

diff The real node, while the old node endIndex is moved to C, and the new node’s startIndex is moved to C

After the second cycle, The end of the old node is the same as the beginning of the new node (both C). Similarly, the real node C created after

diff is inserted behind the D node created for the first time. At the same time, the endIndex of the old node moved to B, and the startIndex of the new node moved to E

In the third cycle, E was found If it is not found, then you can only directly create a new real node E and insert it after the second created C node. At the same time, the

startIndex of the new node is moved to A. The startIndex and endIndex of the old node remain unchanged

In the fourth cycle, the beginning of the new and old nodes was found ( They are all the same as A), so

diff creates the real node of A and inserts it behind the previously created E node. At the same time, the startIndex of the old node is moved to B, and the startIndex of the new node is moved to B

In the fifth cycle, the situation is the same The fourth loop is the same, so

diff creates the B real node and inserts it behind the previously created A node. At the same time, the startIndex of the old node has been moved to C, and the startIndex of the new node has been moved to F

startIndex of the new node is already greater than endIndex, you need to create all the nodes between newStartIdx and newEndIdx, that is, node F, directly create the real node corresponding to the F node and put it behind the B node

3. Principle Analysis

When the data changes, the

set method will call Dep. notifyNotifies all subscribersWatcher, and the subscribers will call patch to patch the real DOM and update the corresponding view

Source code location: src/core/vdom/patch.js

function patch(oldVnode, vnode, hydrating, removeOnly) {
    if (isUndef(vnode)) { // 没有新节点，直接执行destory钩子函数
        if (isDef(oldVnode)) invokeDestroyHook(oldVnode)
        return
    }

    let isInitialPatch = false
    const insertedVnodeQueue = []

    if (isUndef(oldVnode)) {
        isInitialPatch = true
        createElm(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue) // 没有旧节点，直接用新节点生成dom元素
    } else {
        const isRealElement = isDef(oldVnode.nodeType)
        if (!isRealElement && sameVnode(oldVnode, vnode)) {
            // 判断旧节点和新节点自身一样，一致执行patchVnode
            patchVnode(oldVnode, vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, null, null, removeOnly)
        } else {
            // 否则直接销毁及旧节点，根据新节点生成dom元素
            if (isRealElement) {

                if (oldVnode.nodeType === 1 && oldVnode.hasAttribute(SSR_ATTR)) {
                    oldVnode.removeAttribute(SSR_ATTR)
                    hydrating = true
                }
                if (isTrue(hydrating)) {
                    if (hydrate(oldVnode, vnode, insertedVnodeQueue)) {
                        invokeInsertHook(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, true)
                        return oldVnode
                    }
                }
                oldVnode = emptyNodeAt(oldVnode)
            }
            return vnode.elm
        }
    }
}

patchThe first two parameters of the function are oldVnode and Vnode, Representing the new node and the previous old node respectively, four main judgments are made:

• 没有新节点，直接触发旧节点的destory钩子
• 没有旧节点，说明是页面刚开始初始化的时候，此时，根本不需要比较了，直接全是新建，所以只调用 createElm
• 旧节点和新节点自身一样，通过 sameVnode 判断节点是否一样，一样时，直接调用 patchVnode去处理这两个节点
• 旧节点和新节点自身不一样，当两个节点不一样的时候，直接创建新节点，删除旧节点

下面主要讲的是patchVnode部分

function patchVnode (oldVnode, vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, removeOnly) {
    // 如果新旧节点一致，什么都不做
    if (oldVnode === vnode) {
      return
    }
    // 让vnode.el引用到现在的真实dom，当el修改时，vnode.el会同步变化
    const elm = vnode.elm = oldVnode.elm
    // 异步占位符
    if (isTrue(oldVnode.isAsyncPlaceholder)) {
      if (isDef(vnode.asyncFactory.resolved)) {
        hydrate(oldVnode.elm, vnode, insertedVnodeQueue)
      } else {
        vnode.isAsyncPlaceholder = true
      }
      return
    }
    // 如果新旧都是静态节点，并且具有相同的key
    // 当vnode是克隆节点或是v-once指令控制的节点时，只需要把oldVnode.elm和oldVnode.child都复制到vnode上
    // 也不用再有其他操作
    if (isTrue(vnode.isStatic) &&
      isTrue(oldVnode.isStatic) &&
      vnode.key === oldVnode.key &&
      (isTrue(vnode.isCloned) || isTrue(vnode.isOnce))
    ) {
      vnode.componentInstance = oldVnode.componentInstance
      return
    }
    let i
    const data = vnode.data
    if (isDef(data) && isDef(i = data.hook) && isDef(i = i.prepatch)) {
      i(oldVnode, vnode)
    }
    const oldCh = oldVnode.children
    const ch = vnode.children
    if (isDef(data) && isPatchable(vnode)) {
      for (i = 0; i < cbs.update.length; ++i) cbs.update[i](oldVnode, vnode)
      if (isDef(i = data.hook) && isDef(i = i.update)) i(oldVnode, vnode)
    }
    // 如果vnode不是文本节点或者注释节点
    if (isUndef(vnode.text)) {
      // 并且都有子节点
      if (isDef(oldCh) && isDef(ch)) {
        // 并且子节点不完全一致，则调用updateChildren
        if (oldCh !== ch) updateChildren(elm, oldCh, ch, insertedVnodeQueue, removeOnly)
        // 如果只有新的vnode有子节点
      } else if (isDef(ch)) {
        if (isDef(oldVnode.text)) nodeOps.setTextContent(elm, &#39;&#39;)
        // elm已经引用了老的dom节点，在老的dom节点上添加子节点
        addVnodes(elm, null, ch, 0, ch.length - 1, insertedVnodeQueue)
        // 如果新vnode没有子节点，而vnode有子节点，直接删除老的oldCh
      } else if (isDef(oldCh)) {
        removeVnodes(elm, oldCh, 0, oldCh.length - 1)
        // 如果老节点是文本节点
      } else if (isDef(oldVnode.text)) {
        nodeOps.setTextContent(elm, &#39;&#39;)
      }
      // 如果新vnode和老vnode是文本节点或注释节点
      // 但是vnode.text != oldVnode.text时，只需要更新vnode.elm的文本内容就可以
    } else if (oldVnode.text !== vnode.text) {
      nodeOps.setTextContent(elm, vnode.text)
    }
    if (isDef(data)) {
      if (isDef(i = data.hook) && isDef(i = i.postpatch)) i(oldVnode, vnode)
    }
  }

patchVnode主要做了几个判断：

• 新节点是否是文本节点，如果是，则直接更新dom的文本内容为新节点的文本内容
• 新节点和旧节点如果都有子节点，则处理比较更新子节点
• 只有新节点有子节点，旧节点没有，那么不用比较了，所有节点都是全新的，所以直接全部新建就好了，新建是指创建出所有新DOM，并且添加进父节点
• 只有旧节点有子节点而新节点没有，说明更新后的页面，旧节点全部都不见了，那么要做的，就是把所有的旧节点删除，也就是直接把DOM 删除

子节点不完全一致，则调用updateChildren

function updateChildren (parentElm, oldCh, newCh, insertedVnodeQueue, removeOnly) {
    let oldStartIdx = 0 // 旧头索引
    let newStartIdx = 0 // 新头索引
    let oldEndIdx = oldCh.length - 1 // 旧尾索引
    let newEndIdx = newCh.length - 1 // 新尾索引
    let oldStartVnode = oldCh[0] // oldVnode的第一个child
    let oldEndVnode = oldCh[oldEndIdx] // oldVnode的最后一个child
    let newStartVnode = newCh[0] // newVnode的第一个child
    let newEndVnode = newCh[newEndIdx] // newVnode的最后一个child
    let oldKeyToIdx, idxInOld, vnodeToMove, refElm
    // removeOnly is a special flag used only by <transition-group>
    // to ensure removed elements stay in correct relative positions
    // during leaving transitions
    const canMove = !removeOnly
    // 如果oldStartVnode和oldEndVnode重合，并且新的也都重合了，证明diff完了，循环结束
    while (oldStartIdx <= oldEndIdx && newStartIdx <= newEndIdx) {
      // 如果oldVnode的第一个child不存在
      if (isUndef(oldStartVnode)) {
        // oldStart索引右移
        oldStartVnode = oldCh[++oldStartIdx] // Vnode has been moved left
      // 如果oldVnode的最后一个child不存在
      } else if (isUndef(oldEndVnode)) {
        // oldEnd索引左移
        oldEndVnode = oldCh[--oldEndIdx]
      // oldStartVnode和newStartVnode是同一个节点
      } else if (sameVnode(oldStartVnode, newStartVnode)) {
        // patch oldStartVnode和newStartVnode， 索引左移，继续循环
        patchVnode(oldStartVnode, newStartVnode, insertedVnodeQueue)
        oldStartVnode = oldCh[++oldStartIdx]
        newStartVnode = newCh[++newStartIdx]
      // oldEndVnode和newEndVnode是同一个节点
      } else if (sameVnode(oldEndVnode, newEndVnode)) {
        // patch oldEndVnode和newEndVnode，索引右移，继续循环
        patchVnode(oldEndVnode, newEndVnode, insertedVnodeQueue)
        oldEndVnode = oldCh[--oldEndIdx]
        newEndVnode = newCh[--newEndIdx]
      // oldStartVnode和newEndVnode是同一个节点
      } else if (sameVnode(oldStartVnode, newEndVnode)) { // Vnode moved right
        // patch oldStartVnode和newEndVnode
        patchVnode(oldStartVnode, newEndVnode, insertedVnodeQueue)
        // 如果removeOnly是false，则将oldStartVnode.eml移动到oldEndVnode.elm之后
        canMove && nodeOps.insertBefore(parentElm, oldStartVnode.elm, nodeOps.nextSibling(oldEndVnode.elm))
        // oldStart索引右移，newEnd索引左移
        oldStartVnode = oldCh[++oldStartIdx]
        newEndVnode = newCh[--newEndIdx]
      // 如果oldEndVnode和newStartVnode是同一个节点
      } else if (sameVnode(oldEndVnode, newStartVnode)) { // Vnode moved left
        // patch oldEndVnode和newStartVnode
        patchVnode(oldEndVnode, newStartVnode, insertedVnodeQueue)
        // 如果removeOnly是false，则将oldEndVnode.elm移动到oldStartVnode.elm之前
        canMove && nodeOps.insertBefore(parentElm, oldEndVnode.elm, oldStartVnode.elm)
        // oldEnd索引左移，newStart索引右移
        oldEndVnode = oldCh[--oldEndIdx]
        newStartVnode = newCh[++newStartIdx]
      // 如果都不匹配
      } else {
        if (isUndef(oldKeyToIdx)) oldKeyToIdx = createKeyToOldIdx(oldCh, oldStartIdx, oldEndIdx)
        // 尝试在oldChildren中寻找和newStartVnode的具有相同的key的Vnode
        idxInOld = isDef(newStartVnode.key)
          ? oldKeyToIdx[newStartVnode.key]
          : findIdxInOld(newStartVnode, oldCh, oldStartIdx, oldEndIdx)
        // 如果未找到，说明newStartVnode是一个新的节点
        if (isUndef(idxInOld)) { // New element
          // 创建一个新Vnode
          createElm(newStartVnode, insertedVnodeQueue, parentElm, oldStartVnode.elm)
        // 如果找到了和newStartVnodej具有相同的key的Vnode，叫vnodeToMove
        } else {
          vnodeToMove = oldCh[idxInOld]
          /* istanbul ignore if */
          if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== &#39;production&#39; && !vnodeToMove) {
            warn(
              &#39;It seems there are duplicate keys that is causing an update error. &#39; +
              &#39;Make sure each v-for item has a unique key.&#39;
            )
          }
          // 比较两个具有相同的key的新节点是否是同一个节点
          //不设key，newCh和oldCh只会进行头尾两端的相互比较，设key后，除了头尾两端的比较外，还会从用key生成的对象oldKeyToIdx中查找匹配的节点，所以为节点设置key可以更高效的利用dom。
          if (sameVnode(vnodeToMove, newStartVnode)) {
            // patch vnodeToMove和newStartVnode
            patchVnode(vnodeToMove, newStartVnode, insertedVnodeQueue)
            // 清除
            oldCh[idxInOld] = undefined
            // 如果removeOnly是false，则将找到的和newStartVnodej具有相同的key的Vnode，叫vnodeToMove.elm
            // 移动到oldStartVnode.elm之前
            canMove && nodeOps.insertBefore(parentElm, vnodeToMove.elm, oldStartVnode.elm)
          // 如果key相同，但是节点不相同，则创建一个新的节点
          } else {
            // same key but different element. treat as new element
            createElm(newStartVnode, insertedVnodeQueue, parentElm, oldStartVnode.elm)
          }
        }
        // 右移
        newStartVnode = newCh[++newStartIdx]
      }
    }

while循环主要处理了以下五种情景：

• 当新老 VNode 节点的 start 相同时，直接 patchVnode ，同时新老 VNode 节点的开始索引都加 1
• 当新老 VNode 节点的 end相同时，同样直接 patchVnode ，同时新老 VNode 节点的结束索引都减 1
• 当老 VNode 节点的 start 和新 VNode 节点的 end 相同时，这时候在 patchVnode 后，还需要将当前真实 dom 节点移动到 oldEndVnode 的后面，同时老 VNode 节点开始索引加 1，新 VNode 节点的结束索引减 1
• 当老 VNode 节点的 end 和新 VNode 节点的 start 相同时，这时候在 patchVnode 后，还需要将当前真实 dom 节点移动到 oldStartVnode 的前面，同时老 VNode 节点结束索引减 1，新 VNode 节点的开始索引加 1
• 如果都不满足以上四种情形，那说明没有相同的节点可以复用，则会分为以下两种情况：
  • 从旧的 VNode 为 key 值，对应 index 序列为 value 值的哈希表中找到与 newStartVnode 一致 key 的旧的 VNode 节点，再进行patchVnode，同时将这个真实 dom移动到 oldStartVnode 对应的真实 dom 的前面
  • 调用 createElm 创建一个新的 dom 节点放到当前 newStartIdx 的位置

小结

• 当数据发生改变时，订阅者watcher就会调用patch给真实的DOM打补丁
• 通过isSameVnode进行判断，相同则调用patchVnode方法
• patchVnode做了以下操作：
  • 找到对应的真实dom，称为el
  • 如果都有都有文本节点且不相等，将el文本节点设置为Vnode的文本节点
  • 如果oldVnode有子节点而VNode没有，则删除el子节点
  • 如果oldVnode没有子节点而VNode有，则将VNode的子节点真实化后添加到el
  • 如果两者都有子节点，则执行updateChildren函数比较子节点
• updateChildren主要做了以下操作：
  • 设置新旧VNode的头尾指针
  • 新旧头尾指针进行比较，循环向中间靠拢，根据情况调用patchVnode进行patch重复流程、调用createElem创建一个新节点，从哈希表寻找 key一致的VNode 节点再分情况操作

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