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MySQL中的主键以及设置其自增的用法教程_MySQL

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Release: 2016-05-27 13:45:39
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1、声明主键的方法:
您可以在创建表的时候就为表加上主键,如:
CREATE TABLE tbl_name ([字段描述省略...], PRIMARY KEY(index_col_name));
也可以更新表结构时为表加上主键,如:

ALTER TABLE tbl_name ADD PRIMARY KEY (index_col_name,…);
/*
创建一个qq表,将qq_id设为主键,且没有对其进行NOT NULl约束
*/
create table qq(
qq_id int(10),
nick_name varchar(255) not null,
primary key (qq_id))
/*
插入一条数据,将qq号设为10000(咱也幻想一下),昵称设为"simaopig"
*/
INSERT INTO qq( qq_id, nick_name )
VALUES (
'10000', 'simaopig');
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主键被认为是NOT NULL和UNIQUE约束最好的结合。如果这些列没有被明确地定义为NOT NULL,MySQL会隐含地定义这些列。


2、主键也是索引:
刚才已经说了,主键其实也是索引,甚至在MySQL的术语里面“键”就等于“索引”,所以“外键”一定要先设为“索引”。所以主键也应该和索引一样,既可以作用于单独的字段,又可以作用于多个字段。
举个简的例子吧,我住3单元,501室,我叫小小子,那么只有3单元501室才能在本小区表里面唯一确定我家。因为2单元,501室住着的可能也是个小小子,所以只有两个字段才能唯一确定我,也就是说可以二者组合作为主键。组合的主键,每个列都会隐含定义NOT NULL约束,且其二者加在一起被定义了UNIQUE 惟一约束。

/*
创建防火墙表,将host 和port组合设为主键,注意我没有将port设NOT NULL约束
*/
create table firewall(
host varchar(11) not null,
port smallint(4),
access enum('deny', 'allow') not null,
primary key (host,port))
/*
插入一条新的记录,没有啥问题
1 row(s) inserted.
*/
INSERT INTO firewall (
host ,
port ,
access)
VALUES (
'202.65.3.87', '21', 'deny');
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3、设置主键自增
下面我们通过一个实例来讲解设置主键自增的方法:
首先创建数据库,创建表

mysql> create database ssh2; 
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Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec) 
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mysql> use ssh2; 
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Database changed 
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mysql> create table user( 
  -> id integer primary key, 
  -> firstname varchar(200) not null, 
  -> lastname varchar(200) not null, 
  -> age integer 
  -> ); 
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Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.46 sec) 

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给主键增加一个自增的功能:

mysql> alter table user modify id integer auto_increment ; 
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Query OK, 1 row affected (0.28 sec) 
Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 

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这样,上面的user表里面的主键,id可以自增了。

给上面的主键id增加默认值和自增功能。

mysql> alter table user modify id integer auto_increment ; 
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Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.39 sec) 
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 
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mysql> alter table user modify id integer default '1'; 
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Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.16 sec) 
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 
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mysql> alter table user modify id integer auto_increment ; 
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Query OK, 1 row affected (0.28 sec) 
Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 

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MySql获取系统时间:

mysql> alter table user add createtime timestamp default current_timestamp; 
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Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.17 sec) 
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 

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MySql设置主键不能为空,还要自动增长(这里没有设置默认值,但是默认是1,从1开始增长。),还要得到系统默认日期:

mysql> create table dd( 
  -> id int primary key not null auto_increment, 
  -> name varchar(20), 
  -> time timestamp default current_timestamp 
  -> ); 
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Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.10 sec) 
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mysql> insert into dd(name) values ('fhihgifds');
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Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec) 
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mysql> insert into dd(name) values ('steven'); 
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Query OK, 1 row affected (0.08 sec) 
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mysql> select * from dd; 
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+----+-----------+---------------------+ 
| id | name   | time        | 
+----+-----------+---------------------+ 
| 1 | fhihgifds | 2011-03-27 01:58:46 | 
| 2 | steven  | 2011-03-27 01:59:35 | 
+----+-----------+---------------------+ 
2 rows in set (0.08 sec) 
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mysql> insert into dd(name) values ('anthony'); 
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Query OK, 1 row affected (0.09 sec) 
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mysql> select * from dd; 
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+----+-----------+---------------------+ 
| id | name   | time        | 
+----+-----------+---------------------+ 
| 1 | fhihgifds | 2011-03-27 01:58:46 | 
| 2 | steven  | 2011-03-27 01:59:35 | 
| 3 | anthony  | 2011-03-27 02:00:07 | 
+----+-----------+---------------------+ 
3 rows in set (0.00 sec) 
 
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