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在MySQL中使用子查询和标量子查询的基本操作教程_MySQL

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Release: 2016-05-27 13:46:09
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MySQL 子查询
子查询是将一个 SELECT 语句的查询结果作为中间结果,供另一个 SQL 语句调用。MySQL 支持 SQL 标准要求的所有子查询格式和操作,也扩展了特有的几种特性。
子查询没有固定的语法,一个子查询的例子如下:

SELECT * FROM article WHERE uid IN(SELECT uid FROM user WHERE status=1)
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对应的两个数据表如下:
article 文章表:

20151216174700333.png (634×129)

user 用户表:

20151216174728484.png (651×109)

查询返回结果如下所示:

20151216174746208.png (635×105)

在该例子中,首先通过子查询语句查询出所有 status=1 的 uid,实际的查询类似于:

SELECT * FROM article WHERE uid IN(1,2)
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MySQL 标量子查询
标量子查询是指子查询返回的是单一值的标量,如一个数字或一个字符串,也是子查询中最简单的返回形式。
一个标量子查询的例子如下:

SELECT * FROM article WHERE uid = (SELECT uid FROM user WHERE status=1 ORDER BY uid DESC LIMIT 1)
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在该例子中,子查询语句:

SELECT uid FROM user WHERE status = 1 ORDER BY uid DESC LIMIT 1
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返回的是单一的数字(如 2),实际的查询语句为:

SELECT * FROM article WHERE uid = 2
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使用子查询进行比较
可以使用 = > < >= <= <> 这些操作符对子查询的标量结果进行比较,通常子查询的位置在比较式的右侧:

SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE column1 = (SELECT MAX(column2) FROM t2)
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提示
对于采用这些操作符之一进行的比较,子查询必须返回一个标量。唯一的例外是 = 可以和行子查询同时使用。
子查询与表连接
在很多情况下,子查询的效果与 JOIN 表连接很类似,但一些特殊情况下,是必须用子查询而不能用表连接的,如:

SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE column1 = (SELECT MAX(column2) FROM t2)
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以及下例:

SELECT * FROM article AS t WHERE 2 = (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM article WHERE article.uid = t.uid)
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该例子要找出用户发表了 2 篇文章的所有文章记录。对应的两个数据表如下:
article 文章表:

20151216174809098.png (647×127)

user 用户表:

20151216174824703.png (640×100)

查询返回结果如下所示:

20151216174907878.png (654×87)

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