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MySQL数据库23道安全保障_MySQL

May 27, 2016 pm 02:29 PM

MySQL数据库23道安全保障_MySQL

  使用mysql,安全问题不能不注意。以下是mysql提示的23个注意事项:

  1.如果客户端和服务器端的连接需要跨越并通过不可信任的网络,那么就需要使用ssh隧道来加密该连接的通信。

  2.用set password语句来修改用户的密码,三个步骤,先“mysql -u root”登陆数据库系统,然后“mysql> update mysql.user set password=password('newpwd')”,最后执行“flush privileges”就可以了。

  3.需要提防的攻击有,防偷听、篡改、回放、拒绝服务等,不涉及可用性和容错方面。对所有的连接、查询、其他操作使用基于acl即访问控制列表的安全措施来完成。也有一些对ssl连接的支持。

  4.除了root用户外的其他任何用户不允许访问mysql主数据库中的user表;

  加密后存放在user表中的加密后的用户密码一旦泄露,其他人可以随意用该用户名/密码相应的数据库;

  5.用grant和revoke语句来进行用户访问控制的工作;

  6.不使用明文密码,而是使用md5()和sha1()等单向的哈系函数来设置密码;

  7.不选用字典中的字来做密码;

  8.采用防火墙来去掉50%的外部危险,让数据库系统躲在防火墙后面工作,或放置在dmz区域中;

  9.从因特网上用nmap来扫描3306端口,也可用telnet server_host 3306的方法测试,不能允许从非信任网络中访问数据库服务器的3306号tcp端口,因此需要在防火墙或路由器上做设定;

  10.为了防止被恶意传入非法参数,例如where id=234,别人却输入where id=234 or 1=1导致全部显示,所以在web的表单中使用''或""来用字符串,在动态url中加入%22代表双引号、%23代表井号、%27代表单引号;传递未检查过的值给mysql数据库是非常危险的;

  11.在传递数据给mysql时检查一下大小;

  12.应用程序需要连接到数据库应该使用一般的用户帐号,只开放少数必要的权限给该用户;

  13.在各编程接口(c c++ php perl java jdbc等)中使用特定‘逃脱字符’函数;

  在因特网上使用mysql数据库时一定少用传输明文的数据,而用ssl和ssh的加密方式数据来传输;

  14.学会使用tcpdump和strings工具来查看传输数据的安全性,例如tcpdump -l -i eth0 -w -src or dst port 3306 strings。以普通用户来启动mysql数据库服务;

  15.不使用到表的联结符号,选用的参数 --skip-symbolic-links;

  16.确信在mysql目录中只有启动数据库服务的用户才可以对文件有读和写的权限;

  17.不许将process或super权限付给非管理用户,该mysqladmin processlist可以列举出当前执行的查询文本;super权限可用于切断客户端连接、改变服务器运行参数状态、控制拷贝复制数据库的服务器;

  18.file权限不付给管理员以外的用户,防止出现load data '/etc/passwd'到表中再用select 显示出来的问题;

  19.如果不相信dns服务公司的服务,可以在主机名称允许表中只设置ip数字地址;

  20.使用max_user_connections变量来使mysqld服务进程,对一个指定帐户限定连接数;

  21.grant语句也支持资源控制选项;

  22.启动mysqld服务进程的安全选项开关,--local-infile=0或1 若是0则客户端程序就无法使用local load data了,赋权的一个例子grant insert(user) on mysql.user to 'user_name'@'host_name';若使用--skip-grant-tables系统将对任何用户的访问不做任何访问控制,但可以用 mysqladmin flush-privileges或mysqladmin reload来开启访问控制;默认情况是show databases语句对所有用户开放,可以用--skip-show-databases来关闭掉。

  23.碰到error 1045(28000) access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' (using password:no)错误时,你需要重新设置密码,具体方法是:先用--skip-grant-tables参数启动mysqld,然后执行 mysql -u root mysql,mysql>update user set password=password('newpassword') where user='root';mysql>flush privileges;,最后重新启动mysql就可以了。

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