Go language (Golang) is a programming language developed by Google. It is becoming increasingly popular due to its excellent performance in network programming and concurrent programming. Raft is a distributed consensus algorithm that can be used to implement log replication, state machine replication, metadata management and other fields. This article will introduce the process and code implementation of using Golang to implement the Raft algorithm.
The Raft algorithm is a leader election and log replication protocol. This algorithm is used for consistency in distributed systems, i.e. data synchronization between multiple nodes. The design idea of the Raft algorithm is to make the implementation simple and easy to understand, while ensuring correctness. The Raft algorithm consists of three key parts: leader election, log replication, and security checks.
In Raft, each node can be in three states, namely Follower, Candidate and Leader. A node is in the Follower state at the beginning. If the nodes do not receive information (heartbeat) from the Leader in the current term during communication between nodes, the node will become the Candidate state and initiate a leader election. During the election, Candidate sends a RequestVote message to other nodes. If other nodes receive this message, they will check their current term and who they have voted for, and then decide whether to vote for Candidate according to certain rules. If the candidate receives a majority of votes and no other node becomes the leader, the candidate will become the leader of the current term and start sending heartbeat messages to other nodes.
After the leader election is completed, the Leader node begins to collect commands from the client and writes these commands to the local log. After the Leader writes the local log, it will send these commands to the Followers through the AppendEntries message, so that they can also write these commands to the local log. When a Follower receives an AppendEntries message, it writes the commands in the message to the local log and returns a successful response. After the Leader receives successful responses from most Followers, it considers that these commands have been copied and can send responses to the client.
In order to avoid data inconsistency, the Raft algorithm needs to perform security checks. The security check is by requiring a node to ensure that the previous log has been replicated to a majority of nodes before writing a command to its local log. This ensures that a node knows all replicated commands before it completes a command.
To implement the Raft algorithm in Golang, you can start from the following three aspects. First, state transitions need to be defined, secondly, leader election and log replication need to be implemented, and finally the Raft algorithm needs to be tested.
Enumeration types are used in Golang to define state transitions. We can define node status, message types, etc. to facilitate us writing code and testing. In the Raft algorithm, we need to define node states such as Follower, Candidate and Leader.
type NodeStatus int const( Follower NodeStatus=0 Candidate NodeStatus=1 Leader NodeStatus=2 ) type MessageType int const( RequestVote MessageType=0 RequestVoteResponse MessageType=1 AppendEntries MessageType=2 AppendEntriesResponse MessageType=3 )
Golang can use goroutine and channel to implement leader election. When a node's status changes to Candidate, it attempts to initiate an election round. During the election process, Candidate needs to send RequestVote messages to other nodes, and other nodes vote according to certain rules. Candidate can become a Leader node if it receives a certain number of responses.
func (rf *Raft) StartElection() {
rf.CurrentTerm++
rf.VotedFor = rf.ID
rf.State = Candidate
timer := time.NewTimer(randomElectionTime()) // 随机等待时间
defer timer.Stop()
voteCh := make(chan bool, len(rf.Peers))
var voteCount int32
for i := range rf.Peers {
if i == rf.ID { // 跳过自己
continue
}
go rf.RequestVote(i, voteCh)
}
for {
select {
case vote, ok := <-voteCh:
if ok && vote { // 投票同意
atomic.AddInt32(&voteCount, 1)
if atomic.LoadInt32(&voteCount) > int32(len(rf.Peers)/2) { // 获得大多数选票
go rf.BecomeLeader()
return
}
}
case <-timer.C: // 选举取消，重新开始
return
}
}
}
func (rf *Raft) RequestVote(peer int, voteCh chan bool) {
args := RequestVoteArgs{
Term: rf.CurrentTerm,
CandidateID: rf.ID,
LastLogIndex: rf.getLogIndex(len(rf.Logs) - 1),
LastLogTerm: rf.getLogTerm(len(rf.Logs) - 1),
}
var reply RequestVoteReply
ok := rf.Call(peer, RequestVote, &args, &reply)
if !ok {
return
}
if reply.Term > rf.CurrentTerm { // 收到新任期的请求
rf.UpdateTerm(reply.Term)
rf.BecomeFollower()
voteCh <- false
return
}
if reply.VoteGranted {
voteCh <- true
return
}
}Golang can use goroutine and channel to implement log replication. After receiving the commands from the client, the Leader node writes these commands to the local log and initiates an AppendEntries message to send these commands to the Followers node. As the AppendEntries message is sent, the Leader waits for responses from the majority of Followers nodes. Once sufficient responses are received, the Leader can send a response to the client.
func (rf *Raft) Start(entry interface{}) (int, int, bool) {
index := -1
term := -1
isLeader := atomic.LoadInt32(&rf.State) == Leader
if !isLeader { // 不是Leader，返回失败
return index, term, false
}
rf.mu.Lock()
defer rf.mu.Unlock()
index = rf.getLastLogIndex() + 1
term = rf.CurrentTerm
rf.Logs = append(rf.Logs, LogEntry{Term: term, Command: entry})
rf.persist() // 持久化状态
for i := range rf.Peers {
if i == rf.ID {
continue
}
args := AppendEntriesArgs{
Term: rf.CurrentTerm,
LeaderID: rf.ID,
PrevLogIndex: rf.getPrevLogIndex(i),
PrevLogTerm: rf.getPrevLogTerm(i),
Entries: rf.Logs[rf.getLogIndex(rf.getPrevLogIndex(i))+1:],
LeaderCommit: rf.CommitIndex,
}
go rf.sendEntries(i, args)
}
return index, term, true
}
func (rf *Raft) sendEntries(peer int, args AppendEntriesArgs) {
var reply AppendEntriesReply
ok := rf.Call(peer, AppendEntries, &args, &reply)
if !ok {
return
}
if reply.Term > rf.CurrentTerm { // 收到新任期的请求
rf.UpdateTerm(reply.Term)
rf.BecomeFollower()
return
}
// 处理回复
rf.mu.Lock()
defer rf.mu.Unlock()
if reply.Success == true {
// 更新MatchIndex和NextIndex
rf.MatchIndex[peer] = args.PrevLogIndex + len(args.Entries)
rf.NextIndex[peer] = rf.MatchIndex[peer] + 1
rf.commit()
} else {
// 递减NextIndex重试
rf.NextIndex[peer]--
}
}In order to test the Raft algorithm implemented by Golang, corresponding test cases need to be written. You can use some test cases in the Raft paper, such as Leader crash, Follower crash, and network partition. The following is the pseudo code of the test case:
// 创建三个节点，其中Server1是Leader
rafts := make([]*Raft, 3)
rafts[0] = Make(0, []int{1, 2}, 10, 1)
rafts[1] = Make(1, []int{0, 2}, 10, 1)
rafts[2] = Make(2, []int{0, 1}, 10, 1)
// 发送命令给Leader节点
index, term, success := rafts[0].Start("command")
// Leader crash测试用例
leaderIndex := findLeader(rafts) // 找出Leader
rafts[leaderIndex].mu.Lock()
// 删除Leader
for i := range rafts {
if i == leaderIndex {
continue
}
close(rafts[i].DownCh)
}
rafts[leaderIndex].mu.Unlock()
// 发送新命令给当前Leader
newIndex, newTerm, newSuccess := rafts[leaderIndex].Start("new command")
// 等待一段时间
time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
// 重新启动Leader节点
rafts[leaderIndex] = Make(leaderIndex, []int{0, 1, 2}, 10, 1)
// 检查是否恢复正常
...Compared with the implementation of traditional languages, the advantage of Golang Raft algorithm implementation is that its concurrency performance is better, which greatly improves the execution efficiency of the code. . This article introduces how to implement the Raft algorithm in Golang through state transition, leader election, log replication and testing. In practical applications, appropriate languages and implementation methods can be selected according to specific scenarios to meet the needs of the system.
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