In Linux, openssl is an extremely powerful command line tool that can be used to complete many tasks related to the public key system and HTTPS. openssl has two operating modes: interactive mode and batch mode; directly enter openssl and press Enter to enter interactive mode, enter openssl with command options to enter batch mode.
#The operating environment of this tutorial: linux7.3 system, Dell G3 computer.
openssl is an extremely powerful command line tool that can be used to complete the public key system (Public Key Infrastructure) and many tasks related to HTTPS. openssl is a powerful Secure Sockets Layer cryptographic library, including major cryptographic algorithms, commonly used key and certificate encapsulation management functions, and SSL protocols, and provides a wealth of applications for testing or other purposes.
Openssl has two operating modes: interactive mode and batch mode. Directly enter openssl and press Enter to enter interactive mode, enter openssl with command options to enter batch mode.
The entire openssl software package can be roughly divided into three main functional parts: cryptographic algorithm library, SSL protocol library and applications. The directory structure of openssl is naturally planned around these three functional parts. The role of the openssl command:
1. Get command help in interactive mode
OpenSSL> help Standard commands asn1parse ca ciphers cms crl crl2pkcs7 dgst dhparam dsa dsaparam ec ecparam enc engine errstr gendsa genpkey genrsa help list nseq ocsp passwd pkcs12 pkcs7 pkcs8 pkey pkeyparam pkeyutl prime rand rehash req rsa rsautl s_client s_server s_time sess_id smime speed spkac srp storeutl ts verify version x509 Message Digest commands (see the `dgst’ command for more details) blake2b512 blake2s256 gost md4 md5 mdc2 rmd160 sha1 sha224 sha256 sha3-224 sha3-256 sha3-384 sha3-512 sha384 sha512 sha512-224 sha512-256 shake128 shake256 sm3 Cipher commands (see the `enc’ command for more details) aes-128-cbc aes-128-ecb aes-192-cbc aes-192-ecb aes-256-cbc aes-256-ecb aria-128-cbc aria-128-cfb aria-128-cfb1 aria-128-cfb8 aria-128-ctr aria-128-ecb aria-128-ofb aria-192-cbc aria-192-cfb aria-192-cfb1 aria-192-cfb8 aria-192-ctr aria-192-ecb aria-192-ofb aria-256-cbc aria-256-cfb aria-256-cfb1 aria-256-cfb8 aria-256-ctr aria-256-ecb aria-256-ofb base64 bf bf-cbc bf-cfb bf-ecb bf-ofb camellia-128-cbc camellia-128-ecb camellia-192-cbc camellia-192-ecb camellia-256-cbc camellia-256-ecb cast cast-cbc cast5-cbc cast5-cfb cast5-ecb cast5-ofb des des-cbc des-cfb des-ecb des-ede des-ede-cbc des-ede-cfb des-ede-ofb des-ede3 des-ede3-cbc des-ede3-cfb des-ede3-ofb des-ofb des3 desx idea idea-cbc idea-cfb idea-ecb idea-ofb rc2 rc2-40-cbc rc2-64-cbc rc2-cbc rc2-cfb rc2-ecb rc2-ofb rc4 rc4-40 seed seed-cbc seed-cfb seed-ecb seed-ofb sm4-cbc sm4-cfb sm4-ctr sm4-ecb sm4-ofb
2. Check the command version
OpenSSL> version OpenSSL 1.1.1h 22 Sep 2020
3. Use openssl commands to perform base64 encoding and decoding
(base) [root@sun-site certs]# echo “wuhs” |openssl base64 d3Vocwo= (base) [root@sun-site certs]# echo “wuhs” > 1.txt (base) [root@sun-site certs]# openssl base64 -in 1.txt d3Vocwo=
(base) [root@sun-site certs]# echo “d3Vocwo=” | openssl base64 -d wuhs (base) [root@sun-site certs]# openssl base64 -d -in 1.base64 wuhs
4. Use openssl to generate a random password
(base) [root@sun-site certs]# openssl rand -base64 10 |cut -c 1-12 PGznlV5Og0Us
5. Use openssl command to generate summary
(base) [root@sun-site certs]# echo wuhs | openssl md5 (stdin)= 4cdb1fbd6a34ff27dc8c10913fab3e7e (base) [root@sun-site certs]# openssl md5 1.txt MD5(1.txt)= 4cdb1fbd6a34ff27dc8c10913fab3e7e
(base) [root@sun-site certs]# openssl sha1 1.txt SHA1(1.txt)= bd8f0b20de17d623608218d05e8741502cf42302 (base) [root@sun-site certs]# echo wuhs | openssl sha1 (stdin)= bd8f0b20de17d623608218d05e8741502cf42302
6. Use openssl command to perform AES encryption and decryption
(base) [root@sun-site certs]# openssl aes-128-cbc -in 1.txt -k 123 -base64 *** WARNING : deprecated key derivation used. Using -iter or -pbkdf2 would be better. U2FsdGVkX194Z8P5c7C8vmXbA39omlqU/ET8xaehVFk=
(base) [root@sun-site certs]# openssl aes-128-cbc -d -k 123 -base64 -in 2.txt *** WARNING : deprecated key derivation used. Using -iter or -pbkdf2 would be better. wuhs
7. Key generation and verification
(base) [root@sun-site tmp]# openssl genrsa -des3 -out sunsite.key 2048 Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus (2 primes) …+++++ …+++++ e is 65537 (0x010001) Enter pass phrase for sunsite.key: Verifying - Enter pass phrase for sunsite.key: (base) [root@sun-site tmp]# ll total 16 -rw------- 1 root root 1751 Oct 25 14:43 sunsite.key
(base) [root@sun-site tmp]# openssl rsa -check -in sunsite.key Enter pass phrase for sunsite.key: RSA key ok writing RSA key -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- MIIEpAIBAAKCAQEA1jDreCAjX5kpNmnyNayQB/GUvyIRvZZM2WoKAIjne91JupgP OKmBdYSWeWsf0h0XU9ubhCHpgCss2hdRKxLN3rJLlFD98TUKpb9S2XkfrT9s3cLN PQyCELK60zrs1sE52I4pDj4nTZPZCL9mykzqwNa5rcGuHN/lLnvJxFPJOJwVWbVE Bvh+jGioJbi+Ar0rs37/8naGBYz5k4BFn5sCKrhssoMEpDWjMz4yJMpycTlEFITa …
(base) [root@sun-site tmp]# openssl rsa -des3 -in sunsite.key -out sunsite.key writing RSA key Enter PEM pass phrase: Verifying - Enter PEM pass phrase:
(base) [root@sun-site tmp]# openssl rsa -in sunsite.key -out sunsite2.key Enter pass phrase for sunsite.key: writing RSA key
8. Generate certificate signature
(base) [root@sun-site tmp]# openssl req \ -key sunsite.key \ -new -out sunsite.csr You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter ‘.’, the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:CN State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:HuNan Locality Name (eg, city) []:changsha Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:sunsite Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:jsb Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:wuhs Email Address []:524627027@qq.com Please enter the following ‘extra’ attributes to be sent with your certificate request A challenge password []:123456 An optional company name []:123456
(base) [root@sun-site tmp]# openssl req \ -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -keyout s.key \ -out s.csr Generating a RSA private key …+++++ .+++++ writing new private key to ‘s.key’ ----- You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter ‘.’, the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:cn State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:hunan Locality Name (eg, city) []:changsha Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:sunsite Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:jsb Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:wuhs Email Address []:524627027@qq.com Please enter the following ‘extra’ attributes to be sent with your certificate request A challenge password []:123456 An optional company name []:123456 (base) [root@sun-site tmp]# ll total 28 -rw-r–r-- 1 root root 1102 Oct 25 15:37 s.csr -rw------- 1 root root 1708 Oct 25 15:37 s.key
openssl x509 \ -in domain.crt \ -signkey domain.key -x509toreq -out domain.csr
(base) [root@sun-site tmp]# openssl req -text -noout -verify -in sunsite.csr
##9. Make and view SSL certificate
Generate a self-signed certificate(base) [root@sun-site tmp]# openssl req \ -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -keyout sunsite.key \ -x509 -days 365 -out sunsite.crt Generating a RSA private key …+++++ …+++++ writing new private key to ‘sunsite.key’ ----- You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter ‘.’, the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:cn State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:hn Locality Name (eg, city) []:cs Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:sunsite Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:jsb Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:wuhs Email Address []:524627027@qq.com (base) [root@sun-site tmp]# ll -rw-r–r-- 1 root root 1383 Oct 25 16:03 sunsite.crt -rw-r–r-- 1 root root 1102 Oct 25 15:05 sunsite.csr -rw------- 1 root root 1708 Oct 25 16:03 sunsite.key
(base) [root@sun-site tmp]# openssl req \ -key sunsite.key -new \ -x509 -days 365 -out sunsite.crt You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter ‘.’, the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:cn State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:hn Locality Name (eg, city) []:cs Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:sunsite Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:jsb Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:wuhs Email Address []:wuhs@qq.com
(base) [root@sun-site tmp]# openssl x509 \ -signkey sunsite.key \ -in sunsite.csr \ -req -days 365 -out sunsite.crt Signature ok subject=C = CN, ST = HuNan, L = changsha, O = sunsite, OU = jsb, CN = wuhs, emailAddress = 524627027@qq.com Getting Private key
(base) [root@sun-site tmp]# openssl verify -verbose -CAfile ca.crt sunsite.crt Error loading file ca.crt #需要ca证书
(base) [root@sun-site tmp]# openssl x509 -noout -modulus -in sunsite.crt |openssl md5 (stdin)= e26905e973af69aed4e4d707f882de61 (base) [root@sun-site tmp]# openssl rsa -noout -modulus -in sunsite.key |openssl md5 (stdin)= e26905e973af69aed4e4d707f882de61 (base) [root@sun-site tmp]# openssl req -noout -modulus -in sunsite.csr |openssl md5 (stdin)= e26905e973af69aed4e4d707f882de61 #md5校验和一致说明，三者匹配
10. Certificate format conversion
PEM to DER(base) [root@sun-site tmp]# openssl x509 -in sunsite.crt -outform der -out sunsite.der
(base) [root@sun-site tmp]# openssl x509 -in sunsite.der -inform der -out sunsite.crt
(base) [root@sun-site tmp]# openssl crl2pkcs7 -nocrl -certfile sunsite.crt -certfile ca-chain.crt -out sunsite.p7b
#openssl pkcs7 -in domain.p7b -print_certs -out domain.crt
openssl pkcs12 -inkey domain.key -in domain.crt -export -out domain.pfx
openssl pkcs12 -in domain.pfx -nodes -out domain.combined.crt
11. Certificate Revocation
#The client obtains the serial of the certificate to be revoked (executed on the host using the certificate)(base) [root@sun-site tmp]# openssl x509 -in sunsite.crt -noout -serial -subject serial=2DA086B4B14ECE63535734049A4BCF70290446C9 subject=C = CN, ST = HuNan, L = changsha, O = sunsite, OU = jsb, CN = wuhs, emailAddress = 524627027@qq.com
openssl command [ command_opts ] [ command_args ]
2、标准命令
| 命令 | 命令介绍 |
|---|---|
| asn1parse | 解析ASN.1序列。 |
| ca | 证书颁发机构（ca）管理。 |
| ciphers | 密码套件描述确定。 |
| cms | cms（加密消息语法）实用程序 |
| crl | 证书撤销列表（crl）管理。 |
| crl2pkcs7 | CRL到PKCS#7的转换。 |
| dgst | 消息摘要计算。 |
| dh | Diffie-Hellman参数管理。被dhparam淘汰。 |
| dhparam | Diffie-Hellman参数的生成和管理。由genpkey和pkeyparam取代 |
| dsa | dsa数据管理。 |
| dsaparam | DSA参数生成和管理。由genpkey和pkeyparam取代 |
| ec | ec（椭圆曲线）密钥处理 |
| ecparam | EC参数操作和生成 |
| enc | 使用密码进行编码。 |
| engine | 引擎（可加载模块）信息和操作。 |
| errstr | 错误编号到错误字符串的转换。 |
| gendh | Diffie-Hellman参数的生成。被dhparam淘汰。 |
| gendsa | 根据参数生成DSA私钥。由genpkey和pkey取代 |
| genpkey | 生成私钥或参数。 |
| genrsa | 生成RSA私钥。由根普基取代。 |
| nseq | 创建或检查netscape证书序列 |
| ocsp | 在线证书状态协议实用程序。 |
| passwd | 生成哈希密码。 |
| pkcs12 | PKCS#12数据管理。 |
| pkcs7 | PKCS#7数据管理。 |
| pkey | 公钥和私钥管理。 |
| pkeyparam | 公钥算法参数管理。 |
| pkeyutl | 公钥算法加密操作实用程序。 |
| rand | 生成伪随机字节。 |
| req | PKCS#10 X.509证书签名请求（CSR）管理。 |
| rsa | rsa密钥管理。 |
| rsautl | RSA实用程序，用于签名、验证、加密和解密。被pkeyutl取代 |
| s_client | 这实现了一个通用的SSL/TLS客户端，它可以与使用SSL/TLS的远程服务器建立透明连接。它仅用于测试目的，只提供基本的接口功能，但在内部主要使用OpenSSL库的所有功能。 |
| s_server | |
| s_time | SSL连接计时器。 |
| sess_id | SSL会话数据管理。 |
| smime | S/MIME邮件处理。 |
| speed | 算法速度测量。 |
| spkac | spkac打印和生成实用程序 |
| ts | 时间戳授权工具（客户端/服务器） |
| verify | X.509证书验证。 |
| version | OpenSSL版本信息。 |
| x509 | X.509证书数据管理。 |
| Command | Command introduction |
|---|---|
| md2 | MD2 Digest |
| md5 | MD5 Digest |
| mdc2 | MDC2 Digest |
| rmd160 | RMD-160 Digest |
| sha | SHA Digest |
| sha1 | SHA-1 Digest |
| sha224 | SHA-224 Digest |
| sha256 | SHA-256 Digest |
| sha384 | SHA-384 Digest |
| sha512 | SHA-512 Digest |
4. Encoding and password commands
| Command introduction | |
|---|---|
| base64 encoding | |
| Blowfish Password | |
| Force password | |
| CAST5 Password | |
| DES password | |
| Triple DES password | |
| IDEA password | |
| RC2 password | |
| RC4 password | |
| RC5 password |
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