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How to add traversal elements to Java HashSet

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HashSet class diagram

How to add traversal elements to Java HashSet

##HashSet brief description

1.

HashSet implements the Set interface

2.

HashSet The bottom layer is actually implemented by HashMap

public HashSet() {
        map = new HashMap<>();
}
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3. It can store

null, but only There is a null

4.

HashSet does not guarantee that the elements are in order (that is, it does not guarantee that the order in which the elements are stored is consistent with the order in which the elements are taken out), depending on hash After that, determine the index result

5. There cannot be duplicate elements

HashSet underlying mechanism description

HashSet Bottom layer It is HashMap, HashMap The bottom layer is array linked list red black tree

Simulating the structure of array linked list

How to add traversal elements to Java HashSet

/**
 * 模拟 HashSet 数组+链表的结构
 */
public class HashSetStructureMain {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // 模拟一个 HashSet(HashMap) 的底层结构
        // 1. 创建一个数组,数组的类型为 Node[]
        // 2. 有些地方直接把 Node[] 数组称为 表
        Node[] table = new Node[16];
        System.out.println(table);
        // 3. 创建节点
        Node john = new Node("john", null);
        table[2] = jhon; // 把节点 john 放在数组索引为 2 的位置
        Node jack = new Node("jack", null);
        jhon.next = jack; // 将 jack 挂载到 jhon 的后面
        Node rose = new Node("rose", null);
        jack.next = rose; // 将 rose 挂载到 jack 的后面
        Node lucy = new Node("lucy", null);
        table[3] = lucy; // 将 lucy 放在数组索引为 3 的位置
        System.out.println(table);

    }
}

// 节点类 存储数据,可以指向下一个节点,从而形成链表
class Node{
    Object item; // 存放数据
    Node next; // 指向下一个节点
    public Node(Object item, Node next){
        this.item = item;
        this.next = next;
    }
}
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HashSet The underlying mechanism of adding elements

HashSet The underlying implementation of adding elements

1.

HashSet The underlying mechanism is HashMap

2. When adding an element, you will first get the

hash value of the element to be added, and then convert it into an index value

3. Query the storage data table (Node array)

table to see if the index value corresponding to the current element to be added has been stored Other elements

4. If the position corresponding to the current

index value does not exist Other elements, the current element to be added will be Place it at the position corresponding to this index value

5. If the position corresponding to the current

index value exists other elements , just call To be added element.equals (existing element) comparison, if the result is true, then give up adding; if the result is false, then The element to be added is placed behind the existing element (existing element.next = element to be added)

HashSet expansion mechanism

1.

HashSet The bottom layer is HashMap. When adding an element for the first time, the table array is expanded to cap = 16, threshold(critical value) = cap * loadFactor(loading factor 0.75) = 12

2. If the

table array reaches the critical value of 12, it will be expanded to cap * 2 = 32, the new critical value is 32 * 0.75 = 24, and so on

3. In Java8, if the number of elements on a linked list

Arrived TREEIFY_THRESHOLD(default is 8), and the size of table>= MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY(default is 64), it will proceed Tree (red-black tree)

4. Determining whether to expand is based on

size > threshold, that is, whether to expand is based on what is stored in HashMap Whether the number of elements (size) exceeds the critical value, rather than whether table.length() exceeds the critical value

HashSet adds element source code

/**
 * HashSet 源码分析
 */
public class HashSetSourceMain {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        HashSet hashSet = new HashSet();
        hashSet.add("java");
        hashSet.add("php");
        hashSet.add("java");
        System.out.println("set = " + hashSet);

        // 源码分析
        // 1. 执行 HashSet()
        /**
         * public HashSet() { // HashSet 底层是 HashMap
         *         map = new HashMap<>();
         *     }
         */

        // 2. 执行 add()
        /**
         * public boolean add(E e) { // e == "java"
         *         // HashSet 的 add() 方法其实是调用 HashMap 的 put()方法
         *         return map.put(e, PRESENT)==null; // (static) PRESENT = new Object(); 用于占位
         *     }
         */

        // 3. 执行 put()
        // hash(key) 得到 key(待存元素) 对应的hash值,并不等于 hashcode()
        // 算法是 h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16
        /**
         * public V put(K key, V value) {
         *         return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);
         *     }
         */

        // 4. 执行 putVal()
        // 定义的辅助变量:Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
        // table 是 HashMap 的一个属性,初始化为 null;transient Node<K,V>[] table;
        // resize() 方法,为 table 数组指定容量
        // p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash] 计算 key的hash值所对应的 table 中的索引位置,将索引位置对应的 Node 赋给 p
        /**
         * final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
         *                    boolean evict) {
         *         Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i; // 辅助变量
         *         // table 就是 HashMap 的一个属性,类型是 Node[]
         *         // if 语句表示如果当前 table 是 null,或者 table.length == 0
         *         // 就是 table 第一次扩容,容量为 16
         *         if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
         *             n = (tab = resize()).length;
         *         // 1. 根据 key,得到 hash 去计算key应该存放到 table 的哪个索引位置
         *         // 2. 并且把这个位置的索引值赋给 i;索引值对应的元素,赋给 p
         *         // 3. 判断 p 是否为 null
         *         // 3.1 如果 p 为 null,表示还没有存放过元素,就创建一个Node(key="java",value=PRESENT),并把这个元素放到 i 的索引位置
         *         // tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
         *         if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
         *             tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
         *         else {
         *             Node<K,V> e; K k; // 辅助变量
         *             // 如果当前索引位置对应的链表的第一个元素和待添加的元素的 hash值一样
         *             // 并且满足下面两个条件之一:
         *             // 1. 待添加的 key 与 p 所指向的 Node 节点的key 是同一个对象
         *             // 2. 待添加的 key.equals(p 指向的 Node 节点的 key) == true
         *             // 就认为当前待添加的元素是重复元素,添加失败
         *             if (p.hash == hash &&
         *                 ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
         *                 e = p;
         *             // 判断 当前 p 是不是一颗红黑树
         *             // 如果是一颗红黑树,就调用 putTreeVal,来进行添加
         *             else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
         *                 e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
         *             else {
         *                  // 如果 当前索引位置已经形成一个 链表,就使用 for 循环比较
         *                  // 将待添加元素依次和链表上的每个元素进行比较
         *                  // 1. 比较过程中如果出现待添加元素和链表中的元素有相同的,比较结束,出现重复元素,添加失败
         *                  // 2. 如果比较到链表最后一个元素,链表中都没出现与待添加元素相同的,就把当前待添加元素放到该链表最后的位置
         *                  // 注意:在把待添加元素添加到链表后,立即判断 该链表是否已经到达 8 个节点
         *                  // 如果到达,就调用 treeifyBin() 对当前这个链表进行数化(转成红黑树)
         *                  // 注意:在转成红黑树前,还要进行判断
         *                  // if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) < MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY)
         *                  //        resize();
         *                  // 如果上面条件成立,先对 table 进行扩容
         *                  // 如果上面条件不成立,才转成红黑树
         *                 for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
         *                     if ((e = p.next) == null) {
         *                         p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
         *                         if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
         *                             treeifyBin(tab, hash);
         *                         break;
         *                     }
         *                     if (e.hash == hash &&
         *                         ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
         *                         break;
         *                     p = e;
         *                 }
         *             }
         *             // e 不为 null ,说明添加失败
         *             if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key
         *                 V oldValue = e.value;
         *                 if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
         *                     e.value = value;
         *                 afterNodeAccess(e);
         *                 return oldValue;
         *             }
         *         }
         *         ++modCount;
         *         // 扩容:说明判断 table 是否扩容不是看 table 的length
         *         // 而是看 整个 HashMap 的 size(即已存元素个数)
         *         if (++size > threshold)
         *             resize();
         *         afterNodeInsertion(evict);
         *         return null;
         *     }
         */
    }
}
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HashSet traverses the underlying mechanism of elements

HashSet traverses the underlying mechanism of elements

1.

HashSet The underlying mechanism is HashMap, HashSet The iterator is also implemented by HashMap

2.

HashSet.iterator() actually calls HashMap KeySet().iterator()

public Iterator<E> iterator() {
    return map.keySet().iterator();
}
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3.

KeySet() method returns a KeySet object, and KeySet Is an internal class of HashMap

public Set<K> keySet() {
    Set<K> ks = keySet;
    if (ks == null) {
        ks = new KeySet();
        keySet = ks;
    }
    return ks;
}
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4.

KeySet().iterator() method returns a KeyIterator object, KeyIterator is an internal class of HashMap

public final Iterator<K> iterator()     { return new KeyIterator(); }
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5.

KeyIterator inherits the internal class of HashIterator(HashMap class) class, and implements the Iterator interface, that is, KeyIterator and HashIterator are the classes that truly implement Iterator

final class KeyIterator extends HashIterator
    implements Iterator<K> {
    public final K next() { return nextNode().key; }
}
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6. After executing

Iterator iterator = HashSet.iterator;, an element node has been stored in the

iterator
    object.
  • How did you do it?

  • Go back to step 4, the

    KeySet().iterator() method returns a KeyIterator object

  • new KeyIterator() 调用 KeyIterator 的无参构造器

  • 在这之前,会先调用其父类 HashIterator 的无参构造器

  • 因此,分析 HashIterator 的无参构造器就知道发生了什么

/**
*         Node<K,V> next;        // next entry to return
*         Node<K,V> current;     // current entry
*         int expectedModCount;  // for fast-fail
*         int index;             // current slot
* HashIterator() {
*             expectedModCount = modCount;
*             Node<K,V>[] t = table;
*             current = next = null;
*             index = 0;
*             if (t != null && size > 0) { // advance to first entry
*                 do {} while (index < t.length && (next = t[index++]) == null);
*             }
*         }
*/
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  • nextcurrentindex 都是 HashIterator 的属性

  • Node<K,V>[] t = table; 先把 Node 数组 talbe 赋给 t

  • current = next = null; currentnext 都置为 null

  • index = 0; index 置为 0

  • do {} while (index < t.length && (next = t[index++]) == null); 这个 do-while 会在 table 中遍历 Node 结点

  • 一旦 (next = t[index++]) == null 不成立 时,就说明找到了一个 table 中的 Node 结点

  • 将这个节点赋给 next,并退出当前 do-while 循环

  • 此时 Iterator iterator = HashSet.iterator; 就执行完了

  • 当前 iterator 的运行类型其实是 HashIterator,而 HashIteratornext 中存储着从 table 中遍历出来的一个 Node 结点

7.执行 iterator.hasNext

此时的 next 存储着一个 Node,所以并不为 null,返回 true

public final boolean hasNext() {
    return next != null;
}
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8.执行 iterator.next()

I.Node<K,V> e = next; 把当前存储着 Node 结点的 next 赋值给了 e

II.(next = (current = e).next) == null 判断当前结点的下一个结点是否为 null

  • (a). 如果当前结点的下一个结点为 null,就执行 do {} while (index < t.length && (next = t[index++]) == null);,在 table 数组中遍历,寻找 table 数组中的下一个 Node 并赋值给 next

  • (b). 如果当前结点的下一个结点不为 null,就将当前结点的下一个结点赋值给 next,并且此刻不会去 table 数组中遍历下一个 Node 结点

III.将找到的结点 e 返回

IV.之后每次执行 iterator.next() 都像 (a)(b) 那样去判断遍历,直到遍历完成

HashSet 遍历元素源码

/**
 * HashSet 源码分析
 */
public class HashSetSourceMain {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        HashSet hashSet = new HashSet();
        hashSet.add("java");
        hashSet.add("php");
        hashSet.add("java");
        System.out.println("set = " + hashSet);
        // HashSet 迭代器实现原理
        // HashSet 底层是 HashMap,HashMap 底层是 数组 + 链表 + 红黑树
        // HashSet 本身没有实现迭代器,而是借由 HashMap 来实现的
        // 1. hashSet.iterator() 实际上是去调用 HashMap 的 keySet().iterator()
        /**
         * public Iterator iterator() {
         *         return map.keySet().iterator();
         *     }
         */
        // 2. KeySet() 方法返回一个 KeySet 对象,而 KeySet 是 HashMap 的一个内部类
        /**
         * public Set keySet() {
         *         Set ks = keySet;
         *         if (ks == null) {
         *             ks = new KeySet();
         *             keySet = ks;
         *         }
         *         return ks;
         *     }
         */
        // 3. KeySet().iterator() 方法返回一个 KeyIterator 对象,KeyIterator 是 HashMap的一个内部类
        /**
         * public final Iterator<K> iterator()     { return new KeyIterator(); }
         */
        // 4. KeyIterator 继承了 HashIterator(HashMap的内部类) 类,并实现了 Iterator 接口
        // 即 KeyIterator、HashIterator 才是真正实现 迭代器的类
        /**
         * final class KeyIterator extends HashIterator
         *         implements Iterator {
         *         public final K next() { return nextNode().key; }
         *     }
         */
        // 5. 当执行完 Iterator iterator = hashSet.iterator(); 后
        // 此时的 iterator 对象中已经存储了一个元素节点
        // 怎么做到的?
        // 回到第 3 步,KeySet().iterator() 方法返回一个 KeyIterator 对象
        // new KeyIterator() 调用 KeyIterator 的无参构造器
        // 在这之前,会先调用 KeyIterator 父类 HashIterator 的无参构造器
        // 因此分析 HashIterator 的无参构造器就知道发生了什么
        /**
         *         Node next;        // next entry to return
         *         Node current;     // current entry
         *         int expectedModCount;  // for fast-fail
         *         int index;             // current slot
         * HashIterator() {
         *             expectedModCount = modCount;
         *             Node<K,V>[] t = table;
         *             current = next = null;
         *             index = 0;
         *             if (t != null && size > 0) { // advance to first entry
         *                 do {} while (index < t.length && (next = t[index++]) == null);
         *             }
         *         }
         */
        // 5.0 next, current, index 都是 HashIterator 的属性
        // 5.1 Node<K,V>[] t = table; 先把 Node 数组 table 赋给 t
        // 5.2 current = next = null; 把 current 和 next 都置为 null
        // 5.3 index = 0; index 置为 0
        // 5.4 do {} while (index < t.length && (next = t[index++]) == null);
        // 这个 do{} while 循环会在 table 中 遍历 Node节点
        // 一旦 (next = t[index++]) == null 不成立时,就说明找到了一个 table 中的节点
        // 将这个节点赋给 next,并退出当前 do while循环
        // 此时 Iterator iterator = hashSet.iterator(); 就执行完了
        // 当前 iterator 的运行类型其实是 HashIterator,而 HashIterator 的 next 中存储着从 table 中遍历出来的一个 Node节点
        // 6. 执行 iterator.hasNext()
        /**
         * public final boolean hasNext() {
         *             return next != null;
         *         }
         */
        // 6.1 此时的 next 存储着一个 Node,所以并不为 null,返回 true
        // 7. 执行 iterator.next(),其实是去执行 HashIterator 的 nextNode()
        /**
         * final Node nextNode() {
         *             Node[] t;
         *             Node<K,V> e = next;
         *             if (modCount != expectedModCount)
         *                 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
         *             if (e == null)
         *                 throw new NoSuchElementException();
         *             if ((next = (current = e).next) == null && (t = table) != null) {
         *                 do {} while (index < t.length && (next = t[index++]) == null);
         *             }
         *             return e;
         *         }
         */
        // 7.1 Node<K,V> e = next; 把当前存储着 Node 节点的 next 赋值给了 e
        // 7.2 (next = (current = e).next) == null
        // 判断当前节点的下一个节点是否为 null
        // a. 如果当前节点的下一个节点为 null
        // 就执行 do {} while (index < t.length && (next = t[index++]) == null);
        // 再 table 数组中 遍历,寻找 table 数组中的下一个 Node 并赋值给 next
        // b. 如果当前节点的下一个节点不为 null
        // 就将当前节点的下一个节点赋值给 next,并且此刻不会去 table 数组中遍历下一个 Node 节点
        // 7.3 将找到的节点 e 返回
        // 7.4 之后每次执行 iterator.next(),都像 a、b 那样去判断遍历,直到遍历完成
        Iterator iterator = hashSet.iterator();
        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
            Object next =  iterator.next();
            System.out.println(next);
        }
    }
}
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