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html escape anti-escape

May 09, 2023 am 10:00 AM

HTML转义反转义是前端开发中很重要的一部分,它们的作用是将HTML中的特殊字符转换成对应的实体,或者将实体反转义成特殊字符。本文将介绍HTML转义反转义的原理、常用方法和注意事项。

一、HTML转义原理

在HTML中,某些字符具有特殊的含义,如“<”、“>”、“&”等,在HTML代码中,不能直接使用这些特殊字符,否则将会导致解析错误。为了解决这个问题,HTML中提供了实体字符(entity character),即用一些预定义的字符代替特殊字符,从而可以避免特殊字符的解析错误。

HTML实体是由“&”和“;”两个符号组成的,其中“&”表示开始,“;”表示结束。在实体中间,可以使用预定义的名称或数字来代替特殊字符,如“<”表示“<”,“>”表示“>”,“&”表示“&”。预定义的实体名称通常以“&”开头,以“;”结尾,主要包括:

  • <:小于号(<)
  • >:大于号(>)
  • &:&符号
  • ":双引号(")
  • ':单引号(')
  • ...

此外,还可以使用实体的十进制或十六进制编码来表示特殊字符,如“& #60;”表示“<”,“& #x3c;”表示“<”。

二、HTML转义方法

  1. 字符串拼接法

将特殊字符及其对应的实体字符一一对应,然后通过字符串拼接将特殊字符替换成实体字符即可。例如:

function escapeHtml(str) {
  var arrEntities = {
    '<': '&lt;',
    '>': '&gt;',
    '&': '&amp;',
    '"': '&quot;',
    "'": '&apos;',
    '`': '&#x60;',
    'u00A0': ' ',
    'u2028': '&#x2028;',
    'u2029': '&#x2029;'
  };
  return str.replace(/[<>&"'u00A0u2028u2029]/g, function (entity) {
    return arrEntities[entity];
  });
}
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  1. 使用原生方法法

JavaScript提供了encodeURIComponent和decodeURIComponent两个方法可以用来实现字符串与URI的编码和解码,可以轻松地实现HTML的转义和反转义。例如:

var str = '<h1>Hello World & ! "</h1>';
var escapedStr = encodeURIComponent(str).replace(/[!'()*]/g, function(c) {
  return '%' + c.charCodeAt(0).toString(16);
});
console.log(escapedStr);

var unescapedStr = decodeURIComponent(escapedStr.replace(/+/g, ' '));
console.log(unescapedStr);
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三、注意事项

  1. 转义和反转义应该按照对应的实体字符进行,不要将所有特殊字符都进行转义或反转义。
  2. 转义或反转义应该在将字符串插入HTML元素或属性或者在网络传输中进行,而不是在内存中进行,以避免安全漏洞。
  3. 在使用字符串拼接法时,要注意特殊字符的编码,确保正确性和兼容性。
  4. 在使用原生方法法时,要注意转义后的字符串中可能包含“+”号,需要替换成空格。
  5. 在编写转义反转义相关代码时,尽可能使用现有的库或框架,避免重复造轮子。

总之,在前端开发中,HTML转义反转义是非常重要的一部分,合理使用这些方法,可以避免很多解析错误和安全漏洞。

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