golang underlying implementation principle

In recent years, Golang, as an efficient, concise and safe programming language, has been widely used in the Internet industry. Unlike other languages, Golang uses some unique mechanisms in its underlying implementation, giving it unique advantages in performance and reliability. This article will introduce the underlying implementation principles of Golang in detail, and explore its implementation mechanism and advantages.

1. Golang’s memory allocation mechanism

Golang adopts its own memory allocation mechanism, which is different from the memory management methods of other languages. In Golang, memory allocation is implemented through heap and stack. The heap is used to store dynamically allocated memory, and the stack is used to store parameters and temporary variables when calling functions.

Golang’s heap memory allocation mechanism adopts a method similar to malloc and free in C, that is, using pointers to apply for and release memory. Different from C, Golang adopts a smart pointer mechanism, that is, when the pointer is copied, the reference count value of the pointer is automatically updated to ensure the correct release of memory.

When a function is called, Golang will store parameters and temporary variables on the stack. This method uses a deep recursive calling method to ensure that stack overflow does not occur when calling a large number of functions. At the same time, Golang also uses a mechanism called Goroutine to implement concurrent operations, which allows multiple threads to access the same Goroutine at the same time to improve the concurrency performance of the program.

2. Golang’s garbage collection mechanism

Another important feature of Golang is the garbage collection mechanism. Different from the garbage collection mechanism of other languages, Golang adopts a garbage collection method based on multi-thread scanning, which marks all objects in the heap as active objects, then scans all pointers pointing to objects in the heap, and removes all pointers pointing to unmarked objects. The pointer is set to null. The advantage of this approach is that it can minimize the pause time of the program to reduce the impact on system performance.

It is worth noting that Golang adopts an incremental garbage collection method. When the program is running, each Goroutine is scanned once and the active objects in it are marked. This approach allows the application to continue running during the garbage collection process to avoid the impact of pause time on the program.

3. Golang’s compiler

Golang’s compiler adopts an approach based on a front-end-back-end compiler. During the compilation process, Golang first converts the source code into intermediate code, and then converts the intermediate code into binary code through the back-end compiler. Among them, the front-end compiler is responsible for converting Golang's source code into an intermediate expression form called an abstract syntax tree so that the back-end compiler can compile more efficiently.

It is worth noting that the Golang compiler uses a method called Interface to handle type information. This approach allows users to dynamically specify data types at compile time and provides a type assertion mechanism to quickly check the correctness of data types while the program is running.

4. Golang’s coroutine mechanism

Finally, Golang’s coroutine mechanism is also an important factor in its unique advantages in performance and concurrency. Coroutines in Golang are implemented using a method called Goroutine, and a new coroutine is started through the Go keyword.

Different from the coroutine mechanism in other languages, Goroutine in Golang can be scheduled either symmetrically or asymmetrically. This method allows multiple coroutines to run at the same time, and implements data synchronization and concurrency control through the lock mechanism. At the same time, the coroutine mechanism in Golang also has the advantages of fast startup and rescheduling to better support high-concurrency scenarios.

Summary

Golang’s underlying implementation mechanism has unique advantages. It adopts its own unique memory allocation, garbage collection and compiler mechanisms, and uses coroutines to achieve efficient concurrency control. These features make Golang an efficient, concise, and safe programming language that is widely used in the Internet industry. In the future, Golang will continue to improve its underlying implementation mechanism to meet the needs of more stringent high-concurrency scenarios.

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