How to implement access control and connection restrictions based on Nginx

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Release: 2023-05-14 18:46:20
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1. Default configuration syntax

How to implement access control and connection restrictions based on Nginx

##nginx.conf as the main configuration file

include /etc/nginx/conf. When d/*.conf is read, the .conf of the directory will also be read in.

1.1 Global and service level

user 设置使用用户
worker_processes 进行增大并发连接数的处理 跟cpu保持一致 八核设置八个
error_log nginx的错误日志
pid nginx服务启动时候pid
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1.2 event module for events

worker_connections一个进程允许处理的最大连接数
use定义使用的内核模型
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1.3 server

root 首页的路径
index 首页默认访问哪个页面
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html 错误页面 前面的500是**`http状态码`**
systemctl restart nginx.service 重启nginx
systemctl reload nginx.service 不关闭服务柔和地重启
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2. http

How to implement access control and connection restrictions based on Nginx

curl-v http://www.baidu.com >/dev/null #-v 同时显示状态码等信息
nginx -v #显示nginx版本及配置文件等信息
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3. Log

Log type: error.log and access.log

error.log(记录处理http请求的错误状态以及nginx本身服务的错误状态)
access.log(每次http请求的访问状态)
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log_format: Sets the recording format of the log and defines the style in which the log is recorded in error.log and access.log. The configuration of log_format can only Configured in the http module.

access_log is configured in http.

4. Variables

How to implement access control and connection restrictions based on Nginx

#Connection limit limit_conn_module

limit_conn_module: Tcp connection frequency limit, one TCP connection can establish multiple http requests. Configuration syntax:

limit_conn_module syntaxRangeDescriptionlimit_conn_zone identification zone=space name:space size;httpUsed to declare a storage spacelimit_conn space name concurrency Limit number;http, server or locationUsed to limit the number of concurrencies of a certain storage spacelimit_conn_log_level log level;http, server or locationWhen the maximum number of connection limits is reached, the level of the log is recordedlimit_conn_status status code;http, server Or locationWhen the limit is exceeded, the response status code returned, the default is 503limit_conn_zone will declare a
zone space to record the connection status , to limit the quantity.

zone is a space that stores connection status, stored in key-value pairs, usually using the client address $binary_remote_addr as key to identify each connection. When
zone space is exhausted, the server will return 503 (service temporarily unavailable) error to all subsequent requests.

Request limit limit_req_mudule

##limit_req_mudule

:httpRequest frequency limit, one tcp connection can Create multiple http requests. Configuration syntax:

limit_req_mudule syntaxlimit_req_zone key zone=space name:space size rate=number of requests per second;limit_req zone=space name [burst=number of queues] [nodelay];
RangeDescription
httpUsed to declare a storage space
http, server or locationUsed to limit the number of concurrencies of a certain storage space
##

这里的zone也是用来存储连接的一个空间。

burst 和 nodelay

burstnodelay对并发请求设置了一个缓冲区和是否延迟处理的策略。
先假设有如下zone配置。

http {
 limit_req_zone $binan_remote_addr zone=req_zone:1m rate=10r/s;
}
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情况 1:limit_req zone=req_zone;

  • 1秒发送10个请求, 正常响应。

  • 1秒发送13个请求, 前10个请求正常响应, 后3个请求返回503(service temporarily unavailable)

不加brustnodelay的情况下,rate=10r/s每秒只能执行10次请求, 多的直接返回503错误。

情况 2:limit_req zone=req_zone brust=5;

  • 1秒发送10个请求, 正常响应。

  • 1秒发送13个请求, 前10个请求正常响应, 后3个请求放入brust等待响应。

  • 1秒发送20个请求, 前10个请求正常响应, 后5个请求放入brust等待响应, 最后5个请求返回503(service temporarily unavailable), 第2秒执行brust中的5个请求。

  • 1秒发送20个请求, 前10个请求正常响应, 后5个请求放入brust等待响应, 最后5个请求返回503(service temporarily unavailable), 第2秒发送6个请求, 执行brust中的5个请求, 将5个请求放入brust等待响应, 剩下的1个请求返回503(service temporarily unavailable)

brust=5不加nodelay的情况下, 有一个容量为5的缓冲区,rate=10r/s每秒只能执行10次请求, 多的放到缓冲区中, 如果缓冲区满了, 就直接返回503错误。而缓冲区在下一个时间段会取出请求进行响应, 如果还有请求进来, 则继续放缓冲区, 多的就返回503错误。

情况 3:limit_req zone=req_zone brust=5 nodelay;

  • 1秒发送10个请求, 正常响应。

  • 1秒发送13个请求,13个请求正常响应。

  • 1秒发送20个请求, 前15个请求正常响应, 后5个请求返回503(service temporarily unavailable)

  • 1秒发送20个请求, 前15个请求正常响应, 后5个请求返回503(service temporarily unavailable), 第2秒发送6个请求, 正常响应。

brust=5nodelay的情况下, 有一个容量为5的缓冲区,rate=10r/s每秒能执行15次请求,15=10+5。多的直接返回503错误。

基于 ip 的访问控制

http_access_module: 基于ip的访问控制, 通过代理可以绕过限制, 防君子不防小人。


http_access_module语法范围说明
allow ip地址 | cidr网段 | unix: | all;http、server、location和limit_except允许ip地址、cidr格式的网段、unix套接字或所有来源访问
deny ip地址 | cidr网段 | unix: | all;http、server、location和limit_except禁止ip地址、cidr格式的网段、unix套接字或所有来源访问

allow和deny会按照顺序, 从上往下, 找到第一个匹配规则, 判断是否允许访问, 所以一般把all放最后

location / {
 deny 192.168.1.1;
 allow 192.168.1.0/24;
 allow 10.1.1.0/16;
 allow 2001:0db8::/32;
 deny all;
}
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基于用户密码的访问控制

http_auth_basic_module: 基于文件匹配用户密码的登录

http_auth_basic_module语法范围说明
auth_basic 请输入你的帐号密码 | off;http、server、location和limit_except显示用户登录提示 (有些浏览器不显示提示)
auth_basic_user_file 存储帐号密码的文件路径;http、server、location和limit_except从文件中匹配帐号密码

密码文件可以通过htpasswd生成,htpasswd需要安装yum install -y httpd-tools

# -c 创建新文件, -b在参数中直接输入密码
$ htpasswd -bc /etc/nginx/conf.d/passwd user1 pw1
adding password for user user1
$ htpasswd -b /etc/nginx/conf.d/passwd user2 pw2
adding password for user user2
$ cat /etc/nginx/conf.d/passwd 
user1:$apr1$7v/m0.if$2kpm9nvvxbav.jsuvuqr01
user2:$apr1$xmoo4zzy$df76u0gzxbd7.5vxe0use0
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