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php的闭包(Closure)匿名函数详解_PHP

May 31, 2016 pm 01:16 PM
php anonymous function Closure

php的闭包(Closure)也就是匿名函数,是PHP5.3引入的。

闭包的语法很简单,需要注意的关键字就只有use,use是连接闭包和外界变量。

代码如下:


$a = function() use($b) {}

简单例子如下:

代码如下:


function callback($fun) {
$fun();
}
$msg = "Hello, everyone";
$fun = function () use($msg) {
print "This is a closure use string value, msg is: $msg.
/n";
};
$msg = "Hello, everybody";
callback($fun);

结果是:This is a closure use string value, msg is: Hello, everyone.
/n

在PHP新开放的闭包语法中, 我们用use来使用闭包外部定义的变量的。这里我们使用了外部变量$msg,定义完之后,又对其值进行了改变,闭包被执行后输出的是原始值。以传值方式传递的基础类型参数,闭包use的值在闭包创建是就确定了。

小应用如下:

代码如下:


/**
 * 一个利用闭包的计数器产生器
 * 这里其实借鉴的是python中介绍闭包时的例子...
 * 我们可以这样考虑:
 *      1. counter函数每次调用, 创建一个局部变量$counter, 初始化为1.
 *      2. 然后创建一个闭包, 闭包产生了对局部变量$counter的引用.
 *      3. 函数counter返回创建的闭包, 并销毁局部变量, 但此时有闭包对$counter的引用, 
 *          它并不会被回收, 因此, 我们可以这样理解, 被函数counter返回的闭包, 携带了一个游离态的
 *          变量.
 *      4. 由于每次调用counter都会创建独立的$counter和闭包, 因此返回的闭包相互之间是独立的.
 *      5. 执行被返回的闭包, 对其携带的游离态变量自增并返回, 得到的就是一个计数器.
 * 结论: 此函数可以用来生成相互独立的计数器.
 */ 
function counter() { 
    $counter = 1; 
    return function() use(&$counter) {return $counter ++;}; 

$counter1 = counter(); 
$counter2 = counter(); 
echo "counter1: " . $counter1() . "
/n"; 
echo "counter1: " . $counter1() . "
/n"; 
echo "counter1: " . $counter1() . "
/n"; 
echo "counter1: " . $counter1() . "
/n"; 
echo "counter2: " . $counter2() . "
/n"; 
echo "counter2: " . $counter2() . "
/n"; 
echo "counter2: " . $counter2() . "
/n"; 
echo "counter2: " . $counter2() . "
/n"; 
?>

闭包的作用

1. 减少foreach的循环的代码
比如手册http://php.net/manual/en/functions.anonymous.php 中的例子Cart

代码如下:


// 一个基本的购物车,包括一些已经添加的商品和每种商品的数量。
// 其中有一个方法用来计算购物车中所有商品的总价格。该方法使用了一个closure作为回调函数。
class Cart
{
    const PRICE_BUTTER  = 1.00;
    const PRICE_MILK    = 3.00;
    const PRICE_EGGS    = 6.95;
    protected   $products = array();
    public function add($product, $quantity)
    {
        $this->products[$product] = $quantity;
    }
    public function getQuantity($product)
    {
        return isset($this->products[$product]) ? $this->products[$product] :
               FALSE;
    }
    public function getTotal($tax)
    {
        $total = 0.00;
        $callback =
            function ($quantity, $product) use ($tax, &$total)
            {
                $pricePerItem = constant(__CLASS__ . "::PRICE_" .
                    strtoupper($product));
                $total += ($pricePerItem * $quantity) * ($tax + 1.0);
            };
        //使用用户自定义函数对数组中的每个元素做回调处理
        array_walk($this->products, $callback);
        return round($total, 2);;
    }
}
$my_cart = new Cart;
// 往购物车里添加条目
$my_cart->add('butter', 1);
$my_cart->add('milk', 3);
$my_cart->add('eggs', 6);
// 打出出总价格,其中有 5% 的销售税.
print $my_cart->getTotal(0.05) . "\n";
// The result is 54.29
?>

这里如果我们改造getTotal函数必然要使用到foreach。

2. 减少函数的参数

代码如下:


function html($code , $id="", $class=""){
if ($id !== "") $id = " id = \"$id\"" ;
$class = ($class !== "")? " class =\"$class\">":">";
$open = " $close = "$code>";
return function ($inner = "") use ($open, $close){
return "$open$inner$close";
    };
}

如果是使用平时的方法,我们会把inner放到html函数参数中,这样不管是代码阅读还是使用都不如使用闭包。

3. 解除递归函数

代码如下:


$fib = function($n) use(&$fib) {
    if($n == 0 || $n == 1) return 1;
    return $fib($n - 1) + $fib($n - 2);
};
echo $fib(2) . "\n"; // 2
$lie = $fib;
$fib = function(){die('error');};//rewrite $fib variable
echo $lie(5); // error   because $fib is referenced by closure

注意上题中的use使用了&,这里不使用&会出现错误fib(n-1)是找不到function的(前面没有定义fib的类型)

所以想使用闭包解除循环函数的时候就需要使用

代码如下:


$recursive = function () use (&$recursive){
// The function is now available as $recursive
}

这样的形式。

4. 延迟绑定

如果你需要延迟绑定use里面的变量,你就需要使用引用,否则在定义的时候就会做一份拷贝放到use中

代码如下:


$result = 0;
$one = function()
{
    var_dump($result);
};
$two = function() use ($result)
{
    var_dump($result);
};
$three = function() use (&$result)
{
    var_dump($result);
};
$result++;
$one();    // outputs NULL: $result is not in scope
$two();    // outputs int(0): $result was copied
$three();    // outputs int(1)

使用引用和不使用引用就代表了是调用时赋值,还是申明时候赋值

小伙伴们是否对PHP的匿名函数也就是闭包函数有了新的认识了呢,希望本文能给大家一些提示,希望大家能够喜欢。

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