How to configure nginx to support https

1. Introduction

Hypertext Transfer Protocol http protocol is used to transfer information between web browsers and website servers. The http protocol sends content in clear text and does not provide any If the attacker intercepts the transmission message between the web browser and the website server, he can directly read the information.

Therefore, the http protocol is not suitable for transmitting some sensitive information, such as : Credit card number, password and other payment information,

In order to solve this defect of the http protocol, another protocol needs to be used: Secure Sockets Layer Hypertext Transfer Protocol https. For the security of data transmission, https is used in The SSL protocol is added to HTTP. SSL relies on certificates to verify the identity of the server and encrypt the communication between the browser and the server.

2. Advantages of https

Although https is not absolutely safe, institutions that master the root certificate and organizations that master encryption algorithms can also carry out man-in-the-middle attacks, but https It is still the most secure solution under the current architecture and has the following main benefits:

(1) Using the https protocol can authenticate users and servers to ensure that data is sent to the correct client and server;

(2) The https protocol is a network protocol built from the ssl http protocol that can perform encrypted transmission and identity authentication. It is safer than the http protocol and can prevent data from being stolen or changed during the transmission process to ensure the integrity of the data. .

(3) https is the most secure solution under the current architecture. Although it is not absolutely safe, it greatly increases the cost of man-in-the-middle attacks.

(4) Google adjusted its search engine algorithm in August 2014 and stated that "compared to equivalent http websites, websites using https encryption will rank higher in search results."

3. Disadvantages of https

Although https has great advantages, relatively speaking, it still has shortcomings:

(1) The https protocol handshake phase is time-consuming, which will extend the page loading time by nearly 50% and increase power consumption by 10% to 20%;

(2) https connection caching is not as efficient as http, which will increase Data overhead and power consumption, and even existing security measures will be affected by this;

(3) SSL certificates cost money. The more powerful the certificate, the higher the cost. There is no need for personal websites and small websites. Won't use it.

(4) SSL certificates usually need to be bound to IP, and multiple domain names cannot be bound to the same IP. IPv4 resources cannot support this consumption.

(5) The encryption scope of the https protocol is also relatively limited, and it has little effect on hacker attacks, denial of service attacks, server hijacking, etc. The most critical thing is that the credit chain system of the SSL certificate is not secure, especially when some countries can control the CA root certificate, man-in-the-middle attacks are also feasible.

4. Download certbot

Use git to download. If you haven’t installed git yet, check how to switch.

Directory

cd /usr/local

Clone git repository

git clone https: // github.com/certbot/certbot.git

After cloning is completed, the certbot directory will appear in /usr/loca/

5. View certbot

Switch to the certbot directory

cd /usr/local/certbot

If the directory is like this, the installation is successful

certbot common commands

6, Install nginx

7. Apply for https certificate

View the current certificate

./certbot-auto certificates

The first execution will install some dependencies. There is a confirmation inquiry in the middle, enter y to start applying for the certificate (the certificate is valid for 3 months, and it needs to be re-applied when it expires). Method 1: Use the dns method to verify. This method requires you to configure the domain name. I personally like it. This way./certbot-auto --server https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory -d Your domain name --manual --preferred-challenges dns-01 certonly For example:

Configure generic domain name

Copy code The code is as follows:

./certbot-auto --server https: // acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory -d *.nl166. com --manual --preferred-challenges dns-01 certonly

Configure the specified domain name

Copy code The code is as follows:

./certbot-auto --server https: / /acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory -d api.nl166.com --manual --preferred-challenges dns-01 certonly

Configure the second-level generic domain name

Copy code The code is as follows:

./certbot-auto --server https: // acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory -d *.api.nl166.com --manual --preferred-challenges dns -01 certonly

#As shown in the picture above, you will be asked to enter an email address for the first time. Just enter it as required. An email will be sent to you when the time comes. Click to confirm the email address, so be sure to fill in the real email address, and then confirm as required. If you don’t confirm, the execution will not proceed.

接下来会让你验证域名，按要求解析个txt类型的记录

保存确认以后再回到服务器中确认

上面这两个文件就是配置https用到的证书了

方式二：使用插件方式

我们先看看官方怎么说的

这里我使用的是nginx（申请完会自动帮你重启nginx） 这种方式配置不了泛域名，只能一个一个添加

./certbot-auto --nginx -d api2.nl166.com

解决上述报错，请注意，/usr/local/nginx 请替换为你的nginx实际安装位置安装lnmp

ln -s /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx /usr/bin/nginx

ln -s /usr/local/nginx/conf/ /etc/nginx

再次执行申请

中途会询问你请选择是否将http流量重定向到https，删除http访问。可根据自己的需求选择，我这里是c取消选择(实际上这一步可以直接不理，经测试，这一步没有选择前，访问网址https已经可以访问了。)

如果想省略询问这一步，可以添加certonly 该种方式只会生成证书，不做其余操作，证书配置需要自己手动添加 如下：

./certbot-auto certonly --nginx -d api2.nl166.com

如上图所示，如果你配置了监听443端口的server,他会帮你自动找到对应域名的配置文件，并添加下面两行，还把我格式打乱了，}号与上面{的缩进不对应了，不过不影响功能，这里不知道会不会根据nginx的版本选择是否添加ssl on;

因为我这个nginx版本是不需要这个的，较低版本需要添加ssl on;才能开启https访问。

如没有监听该域名的443端口，则会在如下位置添加信息

其他方式请自行摸索

8、配置nginx支持https

# https server
 #
 server {
 listen 443 ssl;
 server_name api2.nl166.com;
 root /data/web/im.nl166.com;

 location / {
 index index.php;
 }

 #auth_basic "hello world";
 #auth_basic_user_file /usr/local/nginx/conf/auth/nl166.auth;

 location ~ \.php$ {
 include fastcgi_params;
 fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/php-fcgi.sock;
 fastcgi_index index.php;
 fastcgi_param script_filename $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
 }
 location ~ .*.(svn|git|cvs) {
 deny all;
 }

 ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/api2.nl166.com/fullchain.pem; # managed by certbot
 ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/api2.nl166.com/privkey.pem; # managed by certbot
 }

较低版本需要增加ssl on;才能开启https访问。

9、使用shell脚本与定时任务定时续期证书

注意：为避免遇到操作次数的限制，加入 --dry-run 参数，可以避免操作限制，等执行无误后，再去掉进行真实的renew 操作。 方式一的续期

其中域名为/etc/letsencrypt/renewal/目录下的****.conf ,****就是你要填写的域名，比如我生成的时候是*.nl166.com,但是在实际生成的时候是没有*号的

/home/certbot-sh/au.sh 替换成你自己更新dns的脚本

如下：

复制代码 代码如下:

./certbot-auto renew --cert-name nl166.com --manual-auth-hook /data/shell/crontab/auto_update_httpscert. sh --dry-run

把更新命令放到一个文件，我这里是放在了/data/shell/crontab/auto_update_httpscert.sh 内容如下 ，原来的auto_update_httpscert.sh 更改到/data/shell/cnl_update_httpscert.sh

增加系统定时任务

crontab -e

#每个星期天凌晨5点执行更新https证书操作

0 5 * * 0 sh /data/shell/crontab/auto_update_httpscert.sh

方式二的续期 如下：

./certbot-auto certonly --renew-by-default --nginx -d api2.nl166.com --dry-run

增加系统定时任务操作参考方式一

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