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PDO防注入原理分析以及使用PDO的注意事项总结_PHP

May 31, 2016 pm 07:29 PM
pdo use analyze principle Notice Anti-injection

本文详细讲述了PDO防注入原理分析以及使用PDO的注意事项,分享给大家供大家参考。具体分析如下:

我们都知道,只要合理正确使用PDO,可以基本上防止SQL注入的产生,本文主要回答以下两个问题:
为什么要使用PDO而不是mysql_connect?
为何PDO能防注入?
使用PDO防注入的时候应该特别注意什么?
 
一、为何要优先使用PDO?

PHP手册上说得很清楚:
代码如下:

$pdo = new PDO("mysql:host=192.168.0.1;dbname=test;charset=utf8","root");
$st = $pdo->prepare("select * from info where id =? and name = ?");
 
$id = 21;
$name = 'zhangsan';
$st->bindParam(1,$id);
$st->bindParam(2,$name);
 
$st->execute();
$st->fetchAll();
?>


 
环境如下:
PHP 5.4.7
Mysql 协议版本 10
MySQL Server 5.5.27
 
为了彻底搞清楚php与mysql server通讯的细节,我特别使用了wireshark抓包进行研究之,安装wireshak之后,我们设置过滤条件为tcp.port==3306, 如下图:
 
 
 
如此只显示与mysql 3306端口的通信数据,避免不必要的干扰。
特别要注意的是wireshak基于wincap驱动,不支持本地环回接口的侦听(即使用php连接本地mysql的方法是无法侦听的),请连接其它机器(桥接网络的虚拟机也可)的MySQL进行测试。
 
然后运行我们的PHP程序,侦听结果如下,我们发现,PHP只是简单地将SQL直接发送给MySQL Server :
 
 
 
其实,这与我们平时使用mysql_real_escape_string将字符串进行转义,再拼接成SQL语句没有差别(只是由PDO本地驱动完成转义的),显然这种情况下还是有可能造成SQL注入的,也就是说在php本地调用pdo prepare中的mysql_real_escape_string来操作query,使用的是本地单字节字符集,而我们传递多字节编码的变量时,有可能还是会造成SQL注入漏洞(php 5.3.6以前版本的问题之一,这也就解释了为何在使用PDO时,建议升级到php 5.3.6+,并在DSN字符串中指定charset的原因。
 
针对php 5.3.6以前版本,以下代码仍然可能造成SQL注入问题:

代码如下:

$pdo->query('SET NAMES GBK');
$var = chr(0xbf) . chr(0x27) . " OR 1=1 /*";
$query = "SELECT * FROM info WHERE name = ?";
$stmt = $pdo->prepare($query);
$stmt->execute(array($var));


 
原因与上面的分析是一致的。
 
而正确的转义应该是给mysql Server指定字符集,并将变量发送给MySQL Server完成根据字符转义。
 
那么,如何才能禁止PHP本地转义而交由MySQL Server转义呢?
PDO有一项参数,名为PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES ,表示是否使用PHP本地模拟prepare,此项参数默认值未知。而且根据我们刚刚抓包分析结果来看,php 5.3.6+默认还是使用本地变量转,拼接成SQL发送给MySQL Server的,我们将这项值设置为false, 试试效果,如以下代码:

代码如下:

$pdo = new PDO("mysql:host=192.168.0.1;dbname=test;","root");
$pdo->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES, false);//这是我们刚加入的内容
 
$st = $pdo->prepare("select * from info where id =? and name = ?");
$id = 21;
$name = 'zhangsan';
 
$st->bindParam(1,$id);
$st->bindParam(2,$name);
$st->execute();
$st->fetchAll();
?>


 
运行一下程序,使用wireshark抓包分析,得出的结果如下:

看到了吗?这就是神奇之处,可见这次PHP是将SQL模板和变量是分两次发送给MySQL的,由MySQL完成变量的转义处理,既然变量和SQL模板是分两次发送的,那么就不存在SQL注入的问题了,但需要在DSN中指定charset属性,如:

代码如下:

$pdo = new PDO('mysql:host=localhost;dbname=test;charset=utf8', 'root');


 
如此,即可从根本上杜绝SQL注入的问题。如果你对此不是很清楚,可以发邮件至zhangxugg@163.com, 一起探讨。
 
三、使用PDO的注意事项

知道以上几点之后,我们就可以总结使用PDO杜绝SQL注入的几个注意事项:

1.  php升级到5.3.6+,生产环境强烈建议升级到php 5.3.9+ php 5.4+,php 5.3.8存在致命的hash碰撞漏洞。
 
2. 若使用php 5.3.6+, 请在在PDO的DSN中指定charset属性

3. 如果使用了PHP 5.3.6及以前版本,设置PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES参数为false(即由MySQL进行变量处理),php 5.3.6以上版本已经处理了这个问题,无论是使用本地模拟prepare还是调用mysql server的prepare均可。在DSN中指定charset是无效的,同时set names 的执行是必不可少的。
 
4. 如果使用了PHP 5.3.6及以前版本, 因Yii框架默认并未设置ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES的值,请在数据库配置文件中指定emulatePrepare的值为false。
 
那么,有个问题,如果在DSN中指定了charset, 是否还需要执行set names 呢?

是的,不能省。set names 其实有两个作用:

A.  告诉mysql server, 客户端(PHP程序)提交给它的编码是什么
B.  告诉mysql server, 客户端需要的结果的编码是什么

也就是说,如果数据表使用gbk字符集,而PHP程序使用UTF-8编码,我们在执行查询前运行set names utf8, 告诉mysql server正确编码即可,无须在程序中编码转换。这样我们以utf-8编码提交查询到mysql server, 得到的结果也会是utf-8编码。省却了程序中的转换编码问题,不要有疑问,这样做不会产生乱码。
 
那么在DSN中指定charset的作用是什么? 只是告诉PDO, 本地驱动转义时使用指定的字符集(并不是设定mysql server通信字符集),设置mysql server通信字符集,还得使用set names 指令。
 

我真想不通,一些新的项目,为何不使用PDO而使用传统的mysql_XXX函数库呢?如果正确使用PDO,可以从根本上杜绝SQL注入,我强烈建议各个公司的技术负责人、一线技术研发人员,要对这个问题引起重视,尽可能使用PDO加快项目进度和安全质量。
 
不要再尝试自己编写SQL注入过滤函数库了(又繁琐而且很容易产生未知的漏洞)。

希望本文所述对大家的PHP程序设计有所帮助。

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