PHP管理依赖(dependency)关系工具 Composer的自动加载(autoload)_PHP

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Release: 2016-05-31 19:30:55
Original
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举例来说,假设我们的项目想要使用 monolog 这个日志工具,就需要在composer.json里告诉composer我们需要它:

{
 "require": {
  "monolog/monolog": "1.*"
 }
}
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之后执行:

php composer.phar install

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好,现在安装完了,该怎么使用呢?Composer自动生成了一个autoload文件,你只需要引用它

require '/path/to/vendor/autoload.php';

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然后就可以非常方便的去使用第三方的类库了,是不是感觉很棒啊!对于我们需要的monolog,就可以这样用了:

use Monolog\Logger;
use Monolog\Handler\StreamHandler;
// create a log channel
$log = new Logger('name');
$log->pushHandler(new StreamHandler('/path/to/log/log_name.log', Logger::WARNING));
// add records to the log
$log->addWarning('Foo');
$log->addError('Bar');

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在这个过程中,Composer做了什么呢?它生成了一个autoloader,再根据各个包自己的autoload配置,从而帮我们进行自动加载的工作。(如果对autoload这部分内容不太了解,可以看我之前的 一篇文章
)接下来让我们看看Composer是怎么做的吧。

对于第三方包的自动加载,Composer提供了四种方式的支持,分别是 PSR-0和PSR-4的自动加载(我的一篇文章也有介绍过它们),生成class-map,和直接包含files的方式。

PSR-4是composer推荐使用的一种方式,因为它更易使用并能带来更简洁的目录结构。在composer.json里是这样进行配置的:

{
  "autoload": {
    "psr-4": {
      "Foo\\": "src/",
    }
  }
}
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key和value就定义出了namespace以及到相应path的映射。按照PSR-4的规则,当试图自动加载 "Foo\\Bar\\Baz" 这个class时,会去寻找 "src/Bar/Baz.php" 这个文件,如果它存在则进行加载。注意, "Foo\\"
并没有出现在文件路径中,这是与PSR-0不同的一点,如果PSR-0有此配置,那么会去寻找

"src/Foo/Bar/Baz.php"

这个文件。

另外注意PSR-4和PSR-0的配置里,"Foo\\"结尾的命名空间分隔符必须加上并且进行转义,以防出现"Foo"匹配到了"FooBar"这样的意外发生。

在composer安装或更新完之后,psr-4的配置换被转换成namespace为key,dir path为value的Map的形式,并写入生成的 vendor/composer/autoload_psr4.php 文件之中。

{
  "autoload": {
    "psr-0": {
      "Foo\\": "src/",
    }
  }
}
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最终这个配置也以Map的形式写入生成的

vendor/composer/autoload_namespaces.php

文件之中。

Class-map方式,则是通过配置指定的目录或文件,然后在Composer安装或更新时,它会扫描指定目录下以.php或.inc结尾的文件中的class,生成class到指定file path的映射,并加入新生成的 vendor/composer/autoload_classmap.php 文件中,。

{
  "autoload": {
    "classmap": ["src/", "lib/", "Something.php"]
  }
}
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例如src/下有一个BaseController类,那么在autoload_classmap.php文件中,就会生成这样的配置:

'BaseController' => $baseDir . '/src/BaseController.php'

Files方式,就是手动指定供直接加载的文件。比如说我们有一系列全局的helper functions,可以放到一个helper文件里然后直接进行加载

{
  "autoload": {
    "files": ["src/MyLibrary/functions.php"]
  }
}
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它会生成一个array,包含这些配置中指定的files,再写入新生成的

vendor/composer/autoload_files.php

文件中,以供autoloader直接进行加载。

下面来看看composer autoload的代码吧

<&#63;php
// autoload_real.php @generated by Composer
class ComposerAutoloaderInit73612b48e6c3d0de8d56e03dece61d11
{
  private static $loader;
  public static function loadClassLoader($class)
  {
 if ('Composer\Autoload\ClassLoader' === $class) {
   require __DIR__ . '/ClassLoader.php';
 }
  }
  public static function getLoader()
  {
 if (null !== self::$loader) {
   return self::$loader;
 }
 spl_autoload_register(array('ComposerAutoloaderInit73612b48e6c3d0de8d56e03dece61d11', 'loadClassLoader'), true, true);
 self::$loader = $loader = new \Composer\Autoload\ClassLoader();
 spl_autoload_unregister(array('ComposerAutoloaderInit73612b48e6c3d0de8d56e03dece61d11', 'loadClassLoader'));
 $vendorDir = dirname(__DIR__); //verdor第三方类库提供者目录
 $baseDir = dirname($vendorDir); //整个应用的目录
 $includePaths = require __DIR__ . '/include_paths.php';
 array_push($includePaths, get_include_path());
 set_include_path(join(PATH_SEPARATOR, $includePaths));
 $map = require __DIR__ . '/autoload_namespaces.php';
 foreach ($map as $namespace => $path) {
   $loader->set($namespace, $path);
 }
 $map = require __DIR__ . '/autoload_psr4.php';
 foreach ($map as $namespace => $path) {
   $loader->setPsr4($namespace, $path);
 }
 $classMap = require __DIR__ . '/autoload_classmap.php';
 if ($classMap) {
   $loader->addClassMap($classMap);
 }
 $loader->register(true);
 $includeFiles = require __DIR__ . '/autoload_files.php';
 foreach ($includeFiles as $file) {
   composerRequire73612b48e6c3d0de8d56e03dece61d11($file);
 }
 return $loader;
  }
}
function composerRequire73612b48e6c3d0de8d56e03dece61d11($file)
{
  require $file;
}

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首先初始化ClassLoader类,然后依次用上面提到的4种加载方式来注册/直接加载,ClassLoader的一些核心代码如下:

/**
  * @param array $classMap Class to filename map
  */
 public function addClassMap(array $classMap)
 {
  if ($this->classMap) {
   $this->classMap = array_merge($this->classMap, $classMap);
  } else {
   $this->classMap = $classMap;
  }
 }
 /**
  * Registers a set of PSR-0 directories for a given prefix,
  * replacing any others previously set for this prefix.
  *
  * @param string  $prefix The prefix
  * @param array|string $paths The PSR-0 base directories
  */
 public function set($prefix, $paths)
 {
  if (!$prefix) {
   $this->fallbackDirsPsr0 = (array) $paths;
  } else {
   $this->prefixesPsr0[$prefix[0]][$prefix] = (array) $paths;
  }
 }
 /**
  * Registers a set of PSR-4 directories for a given namespace,
  * replacing any others previously set for this namespace.
  *
  * @param string  $prefix The prefix/namespace, with trailing '\\'
  * @param array|string $paths The PSR-4 base directories
  *
  * @throws \InvalidArgumentException
  */
 public function setPsr4($prefix, $paths)
 {
  if (!$prefix) {
   $this->fallbackDirsPsr4 = (array) $paths;
  } else {
   $length = strlen($prefix);
   if ('\\' !== $prefix[$length - 1]) {
    throw new \InvalidArgumentException("A non-empty PSR-4 prefix must end with a namespace separator.");
   }
   $this->prefixLengthsPsr4[$prefix[0]][$prefix] = $length;
   $this->prefixDirsPsr4[$prefix] = (array) $paths;
  }
 }
 /**
  * Registers this instance as an autoloader.
  *
  * @param bool $prepend Whether to prepend the autoloader or not
  */
 public function register($prepend = false)
 {
  spl_autoload_register(array($this, 'loadClass'), true, $prepend);
 }
 /**
  * Loads the given class or interface.
  *
  * @param string $class The name of the class
  * @return bool|null True if loaded, null otherwise
  */
 public function loadClass($class)
 {
  if ($file = $this->findFile($class)) {
   includeFile($file);
   return true;
  }
 }
 /**
  * Finds the path to the file where the class is defined.
  *
  * @param string $class The name of the class
  *
  * @return string|false The path if found, false otherwise
  */
 public function findFile($class)
 {
  //这是PHP5.3.0 - 5.3.2的一个bug 详见https://bugs.php.net/50731
  if ('\\' == $class[0]) {
   $class = substr($class, 1);
  }
  // class map 方式的查找
  if (isset($this->classMap[$class])) {
   return $this->classMap[$class];
  }
  //psr-0/4方式的查找
  $file = $this->findFileWithExtension($class, '.php');
  // Search for Hack files if we are running on HHVM
  if ($file === null && defined('HHVM_VERSION')) {
   $file = $this->findFileWithExtension($class, '.hh');
  }
  if ($file === null) {
   // Remember that this class does not exist.
   return $this->classMap[$class] = false;
  }
  return $file;
 }
 private function findFileWithExtension($class, $ext)
 {
  // PSR-4 lookup
  $logicalPathPsr4 = strtr($class, '\\', DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) . $ext;
  $first = $class[0];
  if (isset($this->prefixLengthsPsr4[$first])) {
   foreach ($this->prefixLengthsPsr4[$first] as $prefix => $length) {
    if (0 === strpos($class, $prefix)) {
     foreach ($this->prefixDirsPsr4[$prefix] as $dir) {
      if (file_exists($file = $dir . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . substr($logicalPathPsr4, $length))) {
       return $file;
      }
     }
    }
   }
  }
  // PSR-4 fallback dirs
  foreach ($this->fallbackDirsPsr4 as $dir) {
   if (file_exists($file = $dir . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $logicalPathPsr4)) {
    return $file;
   }
  }
  // PSR-0 lookup
  if (false !== $pos = strrpos($class, '\\')) {
   // namespaced class name
   $logicalPathPsr0 = substr($logicalPathPsr4, 0, $pos + 1)
    . strtr(substr($logicalPathPsr4, $pos + 1), '_', DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
  } else {
   // PEAR-like class name
   $logicalPathPsr0 = strtr($class, '_', DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) . $ext;
  }
  if (isset($this->prefixesPsr0[$first])) {
   foreach ($this->prefixesPsr0[$first] as $prefix => $dirs) {
    if (0 === strpos($class, $prefix)) {
     foreach ($dirs as $dir) {
      if (file_exists($file = $dir . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $logicalPathPsr0)) {
       return $file;
      }
     }
    }
   }
  }
  // PSR-0 fallback dirs
  foreach ($this->fallbackDirsPsr0 as $dir) {
   if (file_exists($file = $dir . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $logicalPathPsr0)) {
    return $file;
   }
  }
  // PSR-0 include paths.
  if ($this->useIncludePath && $file = stream_resolve_include_path($logicalPathPsr0)) {
   return $file;
  }
 }

/**
 * Scope isolated include.
 *
 * Prevents access to $this/self from included files.
 */
function includeFile($file)
{
 include $file;
}

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