Spring Boot Actuator is a sub-project used to monitor and manage Spring Boot applications. It provides a series of built-in endpoints (Endpoints) that can be used to view the status, operation status and operation indicators of the application. Actuator endpoints can be exposed to external systems in HTTP, JMX, or other forms to facilitate operation and maintenance personnel to monitor, diagnose, and manage applications.
The Actuator endpoint is mainly used to implement the following functions:
Spring Boot Actuator provides a series of built-in endpoints by default, which can be directly accessed in the development environment, but in the production environment , it may be necessary to configure permission control and exposure policy for the endpoint. Actuator endpoints can be configured through application.properties or application.yml files. For example, you can control which endpoints are exposed to external access by configuring
management.endpoints.web.exposure.include, or modify the endpoint's URL path through management.endpoints.web.base-path.
Spring Boot Actuator provides many built-in endpoints for viewing and managing different aspects of the application. The following is a detailed introduction to some commonly used endpoints:
This endpoint is used to view the health status of the application. It checks the status of various components, such as database connections, caches, message queues, etc. The returned status includes UP (normal), DOWN (abnormal), OUT_OF_SERVICE (under maintenance), etc.
This endpoint is used to display basic information of the application, such as version number, build time, etc. This information usually comes from the application's configuration files or the build system.
This endpoint is used to view the application’s metric data. It collects data on memory usage, GC, thread status, etc. Details of a specific metric can be viewed by adding parameters, for example:
/actuator/metrics/jvm.memory.used。
This endpoint is used to view the All Spring Beans. It displays information such as the Bean's name, type, scope, and ApplicationContext to which it belongs.
This endpoint is used to view the environment information of the application, including environment variables, system properties, properties in the configuration file, etc. You can view the value of a specific property by adding a parameter, for example: /actuator/env/server.port.
This endpoint is used to view and manage the application’s logs. It displays the names and log levels of all loggers in the current application. By sending a POST request, you can also dynamically modify the log level of a Logger.
This endpoint is used to shut down the application. It requires configuring
management.endpoint.shutdown.enabled to true to enable it. In a production environment, it is usually necessary to control permissions on this endpoint to prevent misuse.
In addition to the above common endpoints, Spring Boot Actuator also provides some other endpoints, such as:
在实际项目中,我们可能需要对 Spring Boot Actuator 的端点进行一些定制,以满足特定的需求。本节将介绍如何对端点进行配置和定制。
访问端点可能涉及敏感信息,我们需要对端点进行权限控制。可以通过集成 Spring Security 或自定义拦截器实现访问权限控制。例如,仅允许具有 ADMIN 角色的用户访问 /actuator/shutdown 端点。
可以通过management.endpoints.web.exposure.include 和 management.endpoints.web.exposure.exclude 配置项来控制哪些端点应该被暴露。默认情况下,仅暴露 /actuator/health 和 /actuator/info 端点。例如,暴露所有端点:
management.endpoints.web.exposure.include=*
或者仅暴露某些特定端点:
management.endpoints.web.exposure.include=health,info,metrics,env
默认情况下,所有端点的路径都是以 /actuator 开头的。我们可以通过
management.endpoints.web.base-path 配置项修改这个前缀。例如,将其更改为 /admin:
management.endpoints.web.base-path=/admin
默认情况下,某些端点的响应内容可能不包含我们关心的所有信息。可以通过实现自定义的 EndpointFilter 来定制端点的响应内容。例如,可以为 /actuator/health 端点添加自定义的健康指标。或者通过继承并重写原有端点的方法来实现定制。
通过这些定制方法,我们可以使 Spring Boot Actuator 更好地适应实际项目需求。
在某些情况下,内置的端点无法满足我们的需求,因此我们需要创建自定义端点。本节将介绍自定义端点的实现方式、应用场景举例以及如何注册和配置自定义端点。
要创建自定义端点,需要实现org.springframework.boot.actuate.endpoint.web.annotation.RestControllerEndpoint 接口或 org.springframework.boot.actuate.endpoint.annotation.Endpoint 接口。其中,RestControllerEndpoint 接口允许我们创建基于 Web 的端点,而 Endpoint 接口则适用于其他类型的端点。
创建自定义端点后,需要将其注册到 Spring Boot Actuator。我们可以通过将自定义端点作为 Bean 注册到 Spring 上下文来实现。例如:
import org.springframework.boot.actuate.endpoint.annotation.Endpoint; import org.springframework.boot.actuate.endpoint.annotation.ReadOperation; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; @Component @Endpoint(id = "cache-status") public class CacheStatusEndpoint { @ReadOperation public CacheStatus getCacheStatus() { // 在这里实现获取缓存状态的逻辑 // 例如,从缓存管理器中获取相关信息 CacheStatus cacheStatus = new CacheStatus(); cacheStatus.setCacheSize(100); cacheStatus.setHitCount(200); cacheStatus.setMissCount(50); return cacheStatus; } }
在上面的代码中,我们首先使用@Endpoint注解来指定端点的ID(即cache-status)。然后,我们定义了一个getCacheStatus()方法,使用@ReadOperation注解来表示这是一个读操作。此方法应返回一个表示缓存状态的对象(例如,CacheStatus类)。
接下来,我们需要定义CacheStatus类:
public class CacheStatus { private int cacheSize; private int hitCount; private int missCount; // 省略 getter 和 setter 方法 }
接下来,我们需要为自定义端点配置访问权限、暴露策略等。这可以通过在 application.properties 文件中添加相关配置来实现。例如:
management.endpoints.web.exposure.include=health,info,cache-status
这将使得我们的自定义端点 /actuator/cache-status 能够被访问。
在本节中,我们将介绍如何利用Spring Boot Actuator端点数据进行监控与可视化,从而更好地了解应用程序的运行状况。
Java Management Extensions(JMX)是Java平台的一种技术,允许对Java应用程序进行管理和监控。Spring Boot Actuator默认支持将端点数据暴露到JMX。要使用JMX监控端点,请确保在应用程序的application.properties或application.yml文件中启用了JMX:
management.endpoints.jmx.exposure.include=*
然后,您可以使用JMX客户端(如Java Mission Control、VisualVM等)连接到应用程序的JMX端口,查看和操作暴露的端点数据。
Prometheus是一个流行的开源监控系统,与Grafana这个数据可视化工具结合使用,可以为Spring Boot Actuator端点数据提供强大的可视化监控功能。
首先,需要在Spring Boot应用程序中集成Prometheus。添加相应的依赖并配置application.properties或application.yml文件,以启用Prometheus端点:
management.endpoints.web.exposure.include=* management.metrics.export.prometheus.enabled=true
接下来,需要配置Prometheus来抓取Spring Boot应用程序的数据。在Prometheus的配置文件中(通常是prometheus.yml),添加以下内容:
scrape_configs: - job_name: 'spring-boot-actuator' metrics_path: '/actuator/prometheus' static_configs: - targets: ['localhost:8080'] # 将此处替换为Spring Boot应用程序的实际地址
最后,在Grafana中添加Prometheus数据源,并创建仪表板来展示和分析Spring Boot Actuator端点的数据。如下图所示:
Spring Boot Actuator还可以与其他监控工具集成,例如Datadog、InfluxDB、New Relic等。要集成这些工具,通常需要在应用程序中添加相应的依赖并进行一些配置。具体的集成步骤和配置方式请参考官方文档或相关教程。
在本文中,我们详细介绍了Spring Boot Actuator端点的相关内容,下面对全文进行概括总结。
随着微服务和容器化技术的发展,对于应用程序的监控和管理需求将越来越复杂。Spring Boot Actuator的端点功能将继续完善,为开发者提供更加强大的监控工具。同时,我们期待更多的第三方监控工具与Actuator集成,帮助开发者更好地管理和优化其应用程序。
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