Nginx performance optimization and security settings

Nginx is a commonly used web server, proxy server and load balancer with superior performance, security and reliability, and can be used for high-load web applications. In this article, we will explore Nginx performance optimization and security settings.

1. Performance optimization

1. Adjust worker_processes parameters

worker_processes is an important parameter of Nginx. It specifies the number of worker processes that can be used. This value needs to be adjusted based on factors such as server hardware, network bandwidth, load type, etc. In general, settings can be made based on the number of CPU cores or processing capabilities of the server. If the server's CPU has multiple cores, the value of worker_processes can be set to 2 times or 3 times the number of cores.

For example, if the server has 8 CPU cores, you can set worker_processes to 16 or 24.

2. Adjust worker_connections parameters

worker_connections is another important parameter of Nginx. It specifies the number of concurrent connections that a single worker process can handle. This value also needs to be adjusted based on factors such as server hardware, network bandwidth, load type, etc. In general, settings can be made based on the memory size of the server. If the server's memory is large enough, worker_connections can be set to a very large value to improve Nginx's concurrent processing capabilities.

For example, if the server's memory size is 16GB, you can set worker_connections to 16,384 or 32,768.

3. Enable caching

Nginx can reduce requests to the backend server by enabling caching. Enabling caching can greatly improve the website's response speed and concurrent processing capabilities. For example, if the content of a page on your site does not change for a period of time, the response for that page can be cached so that the next time you request it, the response can be obtained directly from the cache.

Enabling caching can be achieved in the following two ways:

① Based on the proxy_cache module: the cache can be stored in the local hard disk or in a distributed cache.

② Based on FastCGI cache: mainly need to use fastcgi_cache and fastcgi_cache_path instructions.

4. Compress response data

Nginx supports compression of response content to reduce the use of network bandwidth and improve the response speed of the website. Enabling gzip compression can significantly reduce the size of response content, thereby increasing the loading speed of your website.

Enabling gzip compression can be achieved in the following two ways:

① Based on the gzip module: You can enable gzip compression by setting the gzip on directive in the nginx.conf file.

② Based on third-party modules: such as ngx_brotli module, ngx_deflate module, etc.

5. Serving static files

Nginx can be used as a static file server and can provide fast response and high concurrency processing capabilities for static files. If the website mainly provides static file downloads or CDN acceleration services, you can specifically enable one Nginx instance to handle static file requests, and another Nginx instance to handle dynamic page requests.

6. Using HTTP/2 protocol

HTTP/2 is the latest version of the HTTP protocol, which provides more efficient data transmission and faster web page loading speeds. Enabling HTTP/2 can be achieved in the following two ways:

① Based on SSL/TLS: The HTTPS protocol must be used and a valid SSL/TLS certificate must be installed.

② Nginx HTTP/2 module: You can enable the HTTP/2 protocol by installing the Nginx HTTP/2 module.

2. Security settings

1. Prevent DDoS attacks

DDoS attack is a common network attack method, which can cause service stoppage and bandwidth saturation And other issues. Nginx can prevent DDoS attacks in the following ways:

① Increase the max_connections parameter: you can limit the maximum number of connections for a single IP address.

② Install extension modules: such as ngx_http_limit_conn_module and ngx_http_limit_req_module, which can prevent DDoS attacks by limiting the number of connections and request rate.

③ Use a CDN provider: Using a CDN service can reduce the load on the origin site by caching static content on the edge nodes of the CDN, thereby improving the ability to resist DDoS attacks.

2. Prevent SQL Injection

SQL injection is a common method of attacking web applications, which can obtain sensitive information by injecting malicious SQL code into web applications. Or control the database. Nginx can prevent SQL injection in the following ways:

① Use a web application firewall: You can check and filter the input data by installing a web application firewall.

② Check the uploaded files: You can use the ngx_http_upload_module module of Nginx to check the uploaded files.

③ Use secure SQL queries: SQL injection attacks can be prevented by using parameterized queries, bind variables, permission control, etc.

3. Preventing XSS attacks

XSS attack is a common web application attack method. It can obtain user information and control by inserting malicious scripts into web pages. User's browser or attack other users. Nginx can prevent XSS attacks in the following ways:

① Check and filter input data: You can use a web application firewall to check and filter malicious scripts.

② Use safe encoding methods: You can use HTML escaping or JavaScript encoding to avoid the execution of malicious scripts.

In short, Nginx is an efficient and secure web server. It can improve performance by adjusting configuration parameters, enabling caching and compression, serving static files, etc., and can prevent DDoS attacks, SQL injection and XSS attacks and other methods to ensure the security of the website. Therefore, when building a web application, it is recommended to give priority to using Nginx as the web server and load balancer.

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