How to implement polymorphism and interfaces in Go language?

In the Go language, polymorphism and interfaces are key features to achieve code reuse and flexibility. Although polymorphism and interfaces are also common in other programming languages, Go language has great advantages in implementation due to its concise syntax.

The implementation of polymorphism and interfaces in Go language is through interfaces. This process will be explained below.

First we need to understand an important concept, namely interface. In Go language, an interface is used to define a collection of methods. Interfaces do not provide specific implementations, but define the behavior and characteristics that types that implement these methods should have. Through interfaces, we can achieve a high degree of abstraction in the code and make the code more flexible.

After we create an interface, we can define one or more types that implement the interface. These types implement the methods defined in the interface, so they can be considered to have the same "behavior". Because the interface does not care what the type is, but only that the type implements the methods defined in the interface, we can create a variable or parameter and connect it to a different type that implements the same interface, thereby achieving polymorphism.

For better understanding, we can look at the following code snippet:

type Animal interface{
  Speak() string
}

type Dog struct{
  Name string
}

func (d Dog) Speak() string{
  return fmt.Sprintf("Woof! My name is %s", d.Name)
}

type Cat struct{
  Name string
}

func (c Cat) Speak() string{
  return fmt.Sprintf("Meow! My name is %s", c.Name)
}

func main(){
  bob := Dog{"Bob"}
  fluffy := Cat{"Fluffy"}
  
  animals := []Animal{bob, fluffy}
  
  for _, animal := range animals{
    fmt.Println(animal.Speak())
  }
}

In the above code, we define an Animal interface, which contains a Speak() method. We also created two types: Dog and Cat. Both types implement the Speak() method defined in the Animal interface. In the main function, we defined a variable animals of type []Animal and we added two values ​​of type Dog and Cat. Since both types implement the Animal interface, they can be stored in this variable.

Finally, we iterate over this variable via a for-loop and call the Speak() method of each element. Since these elements are different types that implement the Animal interface, their Speak() methods are different. Now, we have successfully implemented polymorphism.

Interfaces and polymorphism are crucial to writing flexible code. Both concepts are easy to implement in Go without writing lengthy code. By creating interfaces and implementing types that implement them, we can organize our code together and achieve higher levels of abstraction, allowing us to better manage and use our code.

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